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The shape of a small drop of liquid can be considered spherical, neglecting the effect of gravity. This drop can further be considered as two equal hemispherical drops put together due to surface tension. The forces acting on the spherical drop are due to the pressure of the liquid inside the drop, the pressure due to air outside the drop, and the force due to the surface tension acting on the two hemispherical drops.
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Aftershocks driven by a high-pressure CO2 source at depth.

Stephen A Miller1, Cristiano Collettini, Lauro Chiaraluce

  • 1Institute of Geophysics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), 8093 Zürich, Switzerland. steve.miller@erdw.ethz.ch

Nature
|February 20, 2004
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A 1997 earthquake sequence in Italy was driven by a deep carbon dioxide (CO2) fluid pressure pulse. This pulse, released during the mainshock, triggered thousands of aftershocks, challenging traditional earthquake models.

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Area of Science:

  • Geophysics
  • Seismology
  • Tectonics

Background:

  • The 1997 northern Italy earthquake sequence, including two mainshocks (M5.7, M6) and thousands of aftershocks, presented a seismological puzzle.
  • Traditional elastic stress transfer models failed to adequately explain the observed normal-faulting sequence, especially persistent hanging-wall seismicity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate an alternative mechanism driving the 1997 northern Italy earthquake sequence.
  • To explore the role of fluid pressure pulses in earthquake aftershock generation.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of precise hypocenter locations of aftershocks.
  • Modeling of nonlinear diffusion to track fluid pressure propagation.
  • Comparison of fluid pressure pulse amplitudes with stress changes from elastic models.

Main Results:

  • A strong correlation was found between a high-pressure fluid front and aftershock hypocenters over two weeks.
  • The identified fluid pressure pulse (10-20 MPa) significantly exceeded typical stress changes (0.1-0.2 MPa) from elastic models.
  • The fluid pressure pulse originated from the coseismic release of deep, high-pressure carbon dioxide (CO2).

Conclusions:

  • The 1997 earthquake sequence was likely driven by a fluid pressure pulse from released deep CO2.
  • Coseismic release of trapped, high-pressure fluids can drive aftershocks in damaged zones.
  • This mechanism links earthquakes, aftershocks, crust/mantle degassing, and large-scale fluid flow.