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Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
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Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic Clamps in Conscious, Unrestrained Mice

Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic Clamps in Conscious, Unrestrained Mice

Published on: November 16, 2011

[Chromium and insulin resistance].

N Kleefstra¹, H J Bilo, S J Bakker

¹Isala Klinieken, locatie Weezenlanden, afd. Interne Geneeskunde, Postbus 10.500, 8000 GM Zwolle, kleefstra@langerhans.com

Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Geneeskunde

|February 27, 2004

Summary

Chromium is essential for glucose metabolism and may help with weight loss. While generally safe, chromium supplements may increase hypoglycemia risk in type-2 diabetes patients.

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Nutritional Science
Metabolic Health

Background:

Chromium's essential role in glucose metabolism has been recognized since the 1950s.
Dietary chromium deficiency may contribute to insulin resistance, though diagnostic standards are lacking.
Chromium supplements are increasingly used despite mixed evidence on their efficacy.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the impact of chromium supplementation on glycaemic control and body weight.
To assess the safety profile of chromium supplementation, particularly chromium picolinate.
To highlight potential risks associated with self-medication with chromium in diabetic populations.

Main Methods:

Review of systematic reviews on chromium's effects on glycaemic regulation and body weight.

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Analysis of a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial involving Chinese individuals with type-2 diabetes mellitus.

Examination of safety data and potential toxic effects of chromium, including chromium picolinate.

Main Results:

Systematic reviews showed a modest average weight reduction of 1 kg but inconsistent effects on glycaemic regulation, possibly due to low dosages.
A specific trial demonstrated a 2% decrease in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels with 1000 micrograms of chromium in type-2 diabetes patients.
Toxic effects are rare, but safety concerns regarding chromium picolinate have emerged.

Conclusions:

Chromium supplementation may offer a slight benefit in weight reduction and potentially improve glycemic control in specific populations, such as type-2 diabetes patients.
Patients with type-2 diabetes using chromium supplements require careful monitoring due to an increased risk of hypoglycemia.
Further research is needed to establish optimal dosages and clarify the long-term safety of chromium supplementation, especially concerning specific forms like chromium picolinate.