Vascular endothelial growth factor-C: a growth factor for lymphatic and blood vascular endothelial cells

The endothelial cells lining all vessels of the circulatory system have been recognized as key players in a variety of physiological and pathological settings. They act as regulators of vascular tone via the inducible nitric oxide system and in angiogenesis, the formation of blood vessels de novo. Aberrant regulation of endothelial cells contributes to tumor formation, atherosclerosis, and diseases such as psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis. Among the most recently discovered growth factors for endothelial cells are newly isolated members of the platelet-derived growth factor/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, and VEGF-D. VEGF-C is the ligand for the receptor tyrosine kinase VEGFR-3 (also known as Flt4), which is expressed predominantly in lymphatic endothelium of adult tissues, but a proteolytically processed form of VEGF-C can also activate VEGFR-2 of blood vessels. The lymphatic vessels have been known since the 17th century, but their specific roles in health and disease are still poorly understood. With the discovery of VEGF-C and its cognate receptor VEGFR-3, the regulation and functions of this important component of the circulatory system can be investigated.