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Related Concept Videos

Tonicity in Plants00:53

Tonicity in Plants

Tonicity describes the capacity of a cell to lose or gain water. It depends on the quantity of solute that does not penetrate the membrane. Tonicity delimits the magnitude and direction of osmosis and results in three possible scenarios that alter the volume of a cell: hypertonicity, hypotonicity, and isotonicity. Due to differences in structure and physiology, tonicity of plant cells is different from that of animal cells in some scenarios.Plants and Hypotonic EnvironmentsUnlike animal cells,...
Xylem and Transpiration-driven Transport of Resources02:03

Xylem and Transpiration-driven Transport of Resources

The xylem of vascular plants distributes water and dissolved minerals that are taken up by the roots to the rest of the plant. The cells that transport xylem sap are dead upon maturity, and the movement of xylem sap is a passive process.
Adaptations that Reduce Water Loss01:57

Adaptations that Reduce Water Loss

Though evaporation from plant leaves drives transpiration, it also results in loss of water. Because water is critical for photosynthetic reactions and other cellular processes, evolutionary pressures on plants in different environments have driven the acquisition of adaptations that reduce water loss.
Fruit Development, Structure, and Function01:58

Fruit Development, Structure, and Function

Fruits form from a mature flower ovary. As seeds develop from the ovules contained within, the ovary wall undergoes a series of complex changes to form fruit. In some fruits, such as soybeans, the ovary wall dries; in other fruits, such as grapes, it remains fleshy. In some cases, organs other than the ovary contribute to fruit formation; such fruits are called accessory fruits.
Responses to Drought and Flooding02:41

Responses to Drought and Flooding

Water plays a significant role in the life cycle of plants. However, insufficient or excess of water can be detrimental and pose a serious threat to plants.
Tonicity in Plants01:20

Tonicity in Plants

Plant cells maintain appropriate osmotic balance in extreme conditions. For instance, plants in dry environments store water in vacuoles, limit the opening of their stoma, and have thick, waxy cuticles to prevent unnecessary water loss. Some species of plants that live in salty environments store salt in their roots. As a result, water osmosis occurs in the root from the surrounding soil.
Tonicity
Tonicity describes the capacity of a cell to lose or gain water depending on the solute...

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Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Using High Resolution Computed Tomography to Visualize the Three Dimensional Structure and Function of Plant Vasculature
11:49

Using High Resolution Computed Tomography to Visualize the Three Dimensional Structure and Function of Plant Vasculature

Published on: April 5, 2013

Causes and effects of changes in xylem functionality in apple fruit.

Lazar Drazeta1, Alexander Lang, Alistair J Hall

  • 1HortResearch, Palmerston North Research Centre, Private Bag 11 030, Palmerston North, New Zealand.

Annals of Botany
|February 28, 2004
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Xylem failure in apples (Malus domestica) increases with fruit development, leading to reduced mineral uptake. This breakdown, caused by flesh expansion, is linked to bitter pit disorder, especially in susceptible cultivars.

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Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Using High Resolution Computed Tomography to Visualize the Three Dimensional Structure and Function of Plant Vasculature
11:49

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Published on: April 5, 2013

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Staining the Cytoplasmic Ca2+ with Fluo-4/AM in Apple Pulp
08:05

Staining the Cytoplasmic Ca2+ with Fluo-4/AM in Apple Pulp

Published on: November 6, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Plant Physiology
  • Horticultural Science
  • Fruit Development Biology

Background:

  • Xylem in developing fruits often becomes dysfunctional, reducing nutrient inflow.
  • This dysfunction can impact fruit mineral balance, potentially causing disorders like bitter pit.
  • Apple (Malus domestica) bitter pit is a calcium-related disorder linked to xylem function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dynamics and nature of xylem failure in developing apples.
  • To compare xylem dysfunction in apple cultivars with differing bitter pit susceptibilities.

Main Methods:

  • Dye infusion technique used to visualize and assess xylem functionality in 'Braeburn' and 'Granny Smith' apples.
  • Quantification of vascular bundle staining intensity throughout fruit development.
  • Microscopic examination of dysfunctional xylem tissue.

Main Results:

  • Increasing proportion of vascular bundles showed dysfunction as the season progressed, particularly in primary bundles and further from the stalk.
  • Xylem dysfunction occurred earlier in 'Braeburn' apples compared to 'Granny Smith'.
  • Microscopy revealed physical disruption of xylem due to flesh expansion as the cause of dysfunction.

Conclusions:

  • Progressive xylem breakdown, caused by growth-induced damage, leads to relative calcium deficiency in apple fruit.
  • Earlier xylem dysfunction in susceptible cultivars suggests fruit growth dynamics influence calcium-related disorders.
  • Understanding xylem failure mechanisms is crucial for managing bitter pit in apples.