Inflammatory responses in mice sequentially exposed to JP-8 jet fuel and influenza virus

To examine the hypothesis that Jet Propulsion Fuel (JP-8) inhalation potentiates influenza virus-induced inflammatory responses, we randomly divided female C57BL/6 mice (4-weeks old, weighing approximately 24.6g) into the following groups: air control, JP-8 alone (1023 mg/m(3) of JP-8 for 1h/day for 7 days), A/Hong Kong/8/68 influenza virus (HKV) alone (a 10 microl aliquot of 2000 viral titer in the nasal passages), and a combination of JP-8 with HKV (JP-8 + HKV). The HKV alone group exhibited significantly increased total cell number/granulocyte differential in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) compared to controls whereas the JP-8 alone group did not. The JP-8 + HKV group further exacerbated the HKV alone-induced response. However, increases in pulmonary microvascular permeability and pathological alterations in JP-8 + HKV just matched the sum of JP-8 alone- and HKV alone-induced response. Increases in BALF substance P in the JP-8 alone group and BALF leukotriene B4 or total lung compliance in the HKV alone group, respectively were similar to the changes in the JP-8 + HKV group. These findings suggest that changes in the JP-8 + HKV group may be attributed to either JP-8 inhalation or HKV treatment and indicate the different physiological responses to either JP-8 or HKV exposure. Taken together, most of the data did not provide supporting evidence that JP-8 inhalation synergizes influenza virus-induced inflammatory responses.