Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 25, 2026

Ultrasound Images of the Tongue: A Tutorial for Assessment and Remediation of Speech Sound Errors
Published on: January 3, 2017
Identification and remediation of pediatric fluency and voice disorders
Barbara M Baker1, Patricia B Blackwell
1Department of Surgery, Division of Communication Disorders, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA. bmbake01@gwise.louisville.edu
Abstract:
Early identification of pediatric disfluency and voice disorders is advisable because these disorders may progress to lifelong communicative impairments if left untreated. Especially with disfluency or stuttering, it is critical that an informed differential diagnosis be made to determine whether a speech pattern represents normal disfluency or actual stuttering. Voice disorders can be overlooked as laryngitis, when in fact the problem may be organic in origin. This article describes characteristics of both disorders, etiologic factors, and checklists to assess children for referral to an otolaryngologist and/or speech-language pathologist. Medical and therapeutic treatment recommendations also are discussed.
Related Concept Videos
Larynx
Anatomy of the Larynx
The larynx consists of various components, including cartilage, muscles, and vocal cords. Its structure includes three large unpaired cartilages—the thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottis—and three smaller paired cartilages—the arytenoids, corniculates, and...
Respiratory System Abnormal Finding II: Palpation and Auscultation
Palpation Findings
During a respiratory assessment, palpation can reveal several vital abnormalities:
Flail Chest-II
Assessment:
1. Clinical Evaluation:
History:
Acute Respiratory Failure-V
Ensure that patients are monitored continuously for their response to therapy, including changes in...
Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention
The nurse must practice strict medical asepsis and adhere to infection control guidelines to minimize healthcare-associated infections.
Enhance airway patency
Position the patient correctly to facilitate drainage of the affected lung segments. Manual or mechanical percussion and vibration can also be employed.
Chronic Pharyngitis
Etiology
It often arises from persistent viral or bacterial infections affecting sinuses and tonsils.
Additional contributing factors include inadequate dental hygiene, mouth breathing, recurring tonsillitis, allergic rhinitis, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and exposure to smoke, chemicals, and other environmental pollutants. Allergic reactions to pollen, mold, and pet dander, chronic cough, excessive voice usage,...
