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Updated: Aug 25, 2026

Problem-Solving Before Instruction (PS-I): A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities
Published on: September 11, 2021
Academic progress of students across inclusive and traditional settings
Cassandra M Cole1, Nancy Waldron, Massoumeh Majd
1Indiana Institute on Disability and Community, Indiana University, Center on Education and Lifelong Learning, 2853 E. 10th St., Bloomington, IN 47408, USA. cmcole@indiana.edu
Abstract:
Effects of inclusive school settings for students in six Indiana school corporations were investigated. Results reveal that students without disabilities educated in inclusive settings made significantly greater academic progress in mathematics and reading. For students with disabilities, there were no significant differences in reading and math achievement across the comparison groups. However, a review of group means and the percentage of students making comparable or greater than average academic progress when compared to students without disabilities indicates a pattern in favor of inclusive settings. The academic progress of students with specific disability labels, namely, learning disabilities and mild mental handicaps, also supported inclusive education.
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