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Updated: Jul 24, 2026

An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)
Published on: January 27, 2010
Epidural and other labor analgesic methods
1Saint Luke's Perinatal Center, and University of Missouri at Kansas City, 64111, USA.
Abstract:
This article focuses on methods of pain relief during labor, reviewing the current state of the art including risks and benefits. Regional techniques such as epidural or combined spinal/epidural techniques are discussed. A limited review of the effects of epidural analgesia on labor and delivery is presented. Other pharmacologic methods for labor pain relief are discussed including intravenous narcotics, paracervical block and inhalational analgesia. The following nonpharmacologic methods are also discussed: hypnosis, supportive care, transcutaneous electronic nerve stimulation (TENS), acupuncture/acupressure, subcutaneous water blocks and hydrotherapy.
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