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Related Concept Videos

Cell Signaling in Plants01:25

Cell Signaling in Plants

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Plant cells communicate to coordinate their cycle of growth, flowering and fruiting, and activities in roots, shoots, and leaves in response to the changing environmental conditions. Plant signaling is distinct from animal signaling. Plants primarily utilize enzyme-linked receptors, whereas the largest class of cell-surface receptors in animals are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Unlike animals, receptor tyrosine kinases are rare in plants. Instead, plants have a diverse class of...
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Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

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When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze...
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Intracellular Signaling Cascades01:24

Intracellular Signaling Cascades

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Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell, such as DNA. Only internal receptors can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis. When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the...
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Hedgehog Signaling Pathway02:33

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The Hedgehog gene (Hh) was first discovered due to its control of the growth of disorganized, hair-like bristles phenotype in Drosophila, much like hedgehog spines. Hh plays a crucial role in the development of organs and the maintenance of homeostasis in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, while Drosophila has only one Hh protein, mammals have multiple functional Hedgehog proteins - Sonic (Shh), Desert (Dhh), and Indian Hedgehog (Ihh). All of these homologous proteins have adapted to...
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Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
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TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

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The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 21, 2026

Identification of Novel Regulators of Plant Transpiration by Large-Scale Thermal Imaging Screening in Helianthus Annuus
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ABSCISIC ACID SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION.

Jeffrey Leung1, Jerome Giraudat

  • 1Institut des Sciences Vegetales, Unite Propre de Recherche 40, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;

Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology
|March 12, 2004
PubMed
Summary

The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) is crucial for plant stress responses and development. Research is uncovering ABA signaling pathways involving ion fluxes, gene expression, and key intermediates like calcium and pH.

Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Abscisic acid (ABA) is a vital plant hormone regulating seed development and environmental stress responses.
  • ABA mediates critical physiological processes, including stomatal closure, impacting plant water balance.
  • Understanding ABA's signaling pathways is essential for improving crop resilience and yield.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the downstream signaling elements and molecular mechanisms of abscisic acid (ABA) action.
  • To identify key intermediates in ABA signal transduction pathways.
  • To advance the understanding of ABA's role in plant adaptation to abiotic stresses.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized combined biophysical, genetic, and molecular approaches.

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  • Analyzed ABA-responsive promoters to identify cis-acting regulatory elements.
  • Investigated ion fluxes and modifications in guard cells.

    • Main Results:

    • Characterized downstream signaling components involved in ABA perception and response.
    • Identified reversible protein phosphorylation and changes in cytosolic calcium and pH as crucial intermediates.
    • Revealed the complexity of ABA signaling cascades at the single-cell level.

    Conclusions:

    • Significant progress has been made in dissecting ABA signal transduction, despite the ABA receptor remaining elusive.
    • Key molecular events like protein phosphorylation and ion flux modulation are central to ABA's function.
    • Ongoing research is focused on reconstructing minimal ABA signaling pathways for a comprehensive understanding.