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Related Concept Videos

Regression Toward the Mean01:52

Regression Toward the Mean

Regression toward the mean (“RTM”) is a phenomenon in which extremely high or low values—for example, and individual’s blood pressure at a particular moment—appear closer to a group’s average upon remeasuring. Although this statistical peculiarity is the result of random error and chance, it has been problematic across various medical, scientific, financial and psychological applications. In particular, RTM, if not taken into account, can interfere when researchers try to extrapolate results...
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Guidelines for Writing Outcome

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Nursing Evaluation

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Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches01:23

Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 20, 2026

A Rat Lung Transplantation Model of Warm Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury: Optimizations to Improve Outcomes
07:37

A Rat Lung Transplantation Model of Warm Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury: Optimizations to Improve Outcomes

Published on: October 28, 2021

The RTOG Outcomes Model: economic end points and measures.

Andre Konski1, Deborah Watkins-Bruner,

  • 1Department of Radiation Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA. a-konski@fccc.edu

Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy
|March 12, 2004
PubMed
Summary

The Radiation Therapy Oncology Group developed an Outcomes Model to assess clinical trials, focusing on economic impact. Economic analyses show that certain cancer treatments offer cost-effective value for patients.

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Last Updated: Jul 20, 2026

A Rat Lung Transplantation Model of Warm Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury: Optimizations to Improve Outcomes
07:37

A Rat Lung Transplantation Model of Warm Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury: Optimizations to Improve Outcomes

Published on: October 28, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Health Economics
  • Oncology
  • Clinical Trial Analysis

Background:

  • Economic evaluations are crucial for understanding the value of clinical trials.
  • The Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) established an Outcomes Model to assess clinical, humanistic, and economic endpoints.
  • The RTOG Economic Impact Committee was formed in 1994 to analyze the economic implications of cancer clinical trials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To detail the evolution of economic analyses within the RTOG Outcomes Model.
  • To demonstrate the application of economic evaluations to RTOG clinical trials for various cancers.
  • To inform clinicians and policymakers about the economic value of new cancer treatments.

Main Methods:

  • Evolution from average cost-utility analysis to sophisticated Monte Carlo simulation of Markov models.
  • Incorporation of prospective economic analyses as an initial endpoint in clinical trials.
  • Economic analyses performed on RTOG trials for non-small cell lung cancer, head and neck cancer, and prostate cancer.

Main Results:

  • Concurrent chemotherapy and radiation for non-small cell lung cancer is economically acceptable when considering quality-adjusted survival.
  • More aggressive radiation fractionation schedules for head and neck cancer are within acceptable economic recommendations.
  • The addition of hormone therapy to radiation for prostate cancer is also found to be economically acceptable.

Conclusions:

  • RTOG's economic analyses provide valuable insights into the cost-effectiveness of cancer treatments.
  • The developed Outcomes Model comprehensively assesses the triad of clinical, humanistic, and economic endpoints.
  • Economic evaluations inform decision-making regarding the adoption of new or improved cancer therapies.