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Updated: Aug 17, 2026

The 4 Mountains Test: A Short Test of Spatial Memory with High Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Pre-dementia Alzheimer's Disease
Published on: October 13, 2016
Assessing the cognitive abilities that differentiate patients with Alzheimer's disease from normals: single and
Raymond L Ownby1, David A Loewenstein, Lynn Schram
1Center on Aging and the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33140, USA. rownby@med.miami.edu
Background:
Understanding the structure of cognitive abilities in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has considerable practical and theoretical importance. Some investigators have argued that a single cognitive process underlies the deficits seen in AD, while others have argued for multiple cognitive processes. As deficits in cognitive abilities may reflect the pathological process or processes occurring in AD, determination of the structure of abilities in AD is important.
Objectives:
The purpose of this study was to assess the utility of single and multiple ability factor models in differentiating patients with AD from normals.
Results:
Findings show that although a single factor model accounts for a large part of the variability of a battery of measures used to differentiate patients and normals, a multiple factor model performed substantially better based on multiple fit criteria.
Conclusions:
At least in this sample, a multiple ability factor model of cognitive abilities fit data better than a single factor model in differentiating patients with AD from normals.
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