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Oxymercuration-Reduction of Alkenes

Oxymercuration-Reduction of Alkenes

Oxymercuration–reduction of alkenes is one of the major reactions converting alkenes to alcohols. It involves the hydration of alkenes with mercuric acetate in a mixture of tetrahydrofuran and water, forming an organomercury adduct. This is followed by a demercuration step in which the adduct is reduced to an alcohol using sodium borohydride.

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.

Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis

Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis

In ozonolysis, ozone is used to cleave a carbon–carbon double bond to form aldehydes and ketones, or carboxylic acids, depending on the work-up.
Ozone is a symmetrical bent molecule stabilized by a resonance structure.

Oxidation of Alcohols

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In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
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Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones: Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation

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Baeyer–Villiger oxidation converts aldehydes to carboxylic acids and ketones to esters. The reaction uses peroxy acids or peracids and is often catalyzed by acid. The reaction is named after its pioneers, Adolf von Baeyer and Victor Villiger. The reaction is achieved by a wide range of peracids such as m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA), perbenzoic acid (C6H5COOOH), peracetic acid (CH3COOOH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BuOOH).
The carbonyl center is activated by...

Radical Formation: Elimination

Radical Formation: Elimination

Another method of radical formation is the elimination process. It is the opposite of the addition route and is driven by the instability of the radical. For example, as depicted in Figure 1, dibenzoyl peroxide yields a pair of unstable radicals upon homolysis. Given its instability, this radical spontaneously undergoes elimination via a C–C bond cleavage to form a relatively more stable phenyl radical. The mechanism involves cleavage of the bond between the α and β positions with respect to...

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Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Analyzing the Photo-oxidation of 2-propanol at Indoor Air Level Concentrations Using Field Asymmetric Ion Mobility Spectrometry

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Decolorization of dye RB-19 solution in a continuous ozone process.

Yung-Chien Hsu¹, Yi-Fu Chen, Jyh-Herng Chen

¹Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan. hsu@ch.ntust.edu.tw

Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part A, Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering

|March 20, 2004

Summary

This study optimized dye decolorization using a gas-inducing reactor, finding that agitation speed and ozone concentration significantly impact efficiency. Continuous operation with multiple reactors enhances both dye removal and ozone utilization for wastewater treatment.

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Published on: February 6, 2018

Area of Science:

Environmental Engineering
Chemical Engineering
Water Treatment Technologies

Background:

Industrial wastewater often contains persistent dyes like C.I. Reactive Blue 19 (RB-19).
Effective decolorization methods are crucial for environmental protection and regulatory compliance.
Ozone-based advanced oxidation processes offer a promising route for dye degradation.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the decolorization of RB-19 in a novel gas-inducing reactor under continuous operation.
To analyze decolorization kinetics, ozone utilization, and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal.
To determine the impact of operational parameters on process efficiency.

Main Methods:

Continuous flow experiments in a gas-inducing reactor.
Systematic variation of operational conditions: initial color (ADMIo), liquid flow rate (QL), ozone concentration (CO3,i), gas flow rate (Qg), and agitation speed (N).
Application of a pseudo-first order kinetic model to describe decolorization.

Main Results:

Decolorization efficiency (RADMI) decreased with higher initial dye load or lower ozone input.
Ozone utilization (UO3) increased with higher initial dye load or lower ozone input.
Agitation speed positively influenced both RADMI and UO3.
A kinetic model was developed to predict steady-state color and reactor size.
Using two reactors in series improved COD removal and ozone utilization.

Conclusions:

The gas-inducing reactor demonstrates effective RB-19 decolorization under continuous operation.
Operational parameters significantly influence decolorization performance and ozone efficiency.
The developed kinetic model aids in reactor design and process optimization.
Series reactor configuration enhances overall wastewater treatment efficacy.