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Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
Drugs in...

Cellular Membranes and Drug Transport

Cellular Membranes and Drug Transport

Drugs must traverse multiple biological barriers, such as multi-layered skin, single-layered intestinal epithelium, and the plasma membrane, to reach their target sites within the body. The plasma membrane, a highly structured composite of phospholipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, is the cell's protective boundary, facilitating selective substance exchange.
Phospholipids arrange themselves into a bilayer, with hydrophilic heads oriented outward and hydrophobic tails facing inward.

Mechanisms of Drug Absorption: Paracellular, Transcellular, and Vesicular Transport

Mechanisms of Drug Absorption: Paracellular, Transcellular, and Vesicular Transport

Drugs need to permeate cell membranes to reach their target sites after administration. Orally administered drugs must transcend intestinal epithelial membrane barriers to infiltrate the systemic circulation. Drugs with a molecular weight of less than 500 Daltons diffuse through gaps between neighboring cells, called paracellular pathways.
However, most drugs use the transcellular route, traversing directly through the cell membranes via two mechanisms: passive and active transport. Passive...

Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Continuous-Release Systems

Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Continuous-Release Systems

Continuous-release drug delivery systems offer a strategic approach to maintaining therapeutic drug levels over extended periods following oral administration. By modulating the release rate of active pharmaceutical ingredients, these systems minimize fluctuations in plasma concentrations, which enhances clinical efficacy and reduces the need for frequent dosing. Such characteristics make them particularly advantageous in managing chronic diseases where patient adherence and stable drug...

Parenteral Drug Delivery Systems: Injectables, Implants, and Infusion Devices

Parenteral Drug Delivery Systems: Injectables, Implants, and Infusion Devices

Parenteral drug delivery systems play a crucial role in modern therapeutics by enabling the direct administration of drugs into the systemic circulation, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract. These systems are particularly valuable for poorly absorbed oral medications that are unstable in the digestive environment or require rapid onset or sustained therapeutic levels. Delivery is achieved through intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous routes, each selected based on the drug's properties...

Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems

Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems

Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) enable the controlled release of drugs across the skin into systemic circulation. They are particularly advantageous for drugs with short half-lives or narrow therapeutic indices, as they maintain consistent plasma concentrations and reduce the risk of subtherapeutic or toxic levels.TDDS are categorized into monolithic, reservoir, and mixed systems. Monolithic systems embed the drug in a polymer matrix, where diffusion governs release. Reservoir systems...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Systemic and Local Drug Delivery for Treating Diseases of the Central Nervous System in Rodent Models

Systemic and Local Drug Delivery for Treating Diseases of the Central Nervous System in Rodent Models

Published on: August 16, 2010

Drug delivery systems: entering the mainstream.

Theresa M Allen¹, Pieter R Cullis

¹Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2H7, Canada. terry.allen@ualberta.ca

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|March 20, 2004

Summary

Drug delivery systems (DDS) using nanoparticles enhance drug properties for parenteral administration. Approved DDS formulations and interest in novel drug delivery highlight their therapeutic potential.

Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Nanotechnology
Pharmacology

Background:

Particulate drug delivery systems (DDS) face challenges in clinical application.
Lipid- and polymer-based nanoparticles offer improved drug properties for parenteral administration.
Several DDS formulations for anticancer and antifungal drugs are clinically approved.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the advancements and applications of drug delivery systems.
To highlight the potential of DDS for novel therapeutics.
To discuss the use of DDS in ligand-targeted therapies.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems.
Analysis of approved clinical DDS formulations.

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A Comprehensive Rat Model For Assessing Hepatic Transport Pathways Through Simultaneous Lymphatic And Blood Vascular Sampling

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Last Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Systemic and Local Drug Delivery for Treating Diseases of the Central Nervous System in Rodent Models

Systemic and Local Drug Delivery for Treating Diseases of the Central Nervous System in Rodent Models

Published on: August 16, 2010

Models and Methods to Evaluate Transport of Drug Delivery Systems Across Cellular Barriers

Models and Methods to Evaluate Transport of Drug Delivery Systems Across Cellular Barriers

Published on: October 17, 2013

A Comprehensive Rat Model For Assessing Hepatic Transport Pathways Through Simultaneous Lymphatic And Blood Vascular Sampling

A Comprehensive Rat Model For Assessing Hepatic Transport Pathways Through Simultaneous Lymphatic And Blood Vascular Sampling

Published on: May 15, 2026

Exploration of emerging applications in proteomics, genomics, and targeted therapeutics.

Main Results:

Significant progress has been made in overcoming early challenges in particulate DDS.
Approved DDS formulations demonstrate the clinical viability of these systems.
Growing interest exists in utilizing DDS for novel drug candidates and targeted delivery.

Conclusions:

Drug delivery systems, particularly nanoparticle-based ones, have matured significantly.
DDS are crucial for enhancing the efficacy and safety of parenteral drugs.
Future applications of DDS are promising for personalized medicine and advanced therapeutics.