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Thinking and hallucinating: reciprocal changes in sleep.

Roar Fosse1, Robert Stickgold, J Allan Hobson

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. rfosse@hms.harvard.edu

Psychophysiology
|March 23, 2004
PubMed
Summary
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Focused thinking and hallucinations shift reciprocally throughout sleep stages. This cognitive pattern, observed in both NREM and REM sleep, suggests a fundamental brain mechanism governing wake-sleep transitions and cognitive states.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Sleep Science

Background:

  • Cognitive activity, including focused thoughts and hallucinations, shifts across waking and sleep states.
  • Previous research indicates a reciprocal relationship between thinking and hallucination during sleep onset and progression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if the reciprocal relationship between NREM and REM sleep cognition is maintained throughout the entire night.
  • To analyze the temporal dynamics of hallucinations and directed thinking across different sleep stages.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 229 REM and 165 NREM sleep reports from 16 participants using the Nightcap system over 14 nights.
  • External judges scored reports for the presence of hallucinations and directed thinking.

Related Experiment Videos

Main Results:

  • Hallucinations were consistently more frequent in REM than NREM sleep.
  • Directed thinking was more prevalent in NREM sleep during the first 5 hours, becoming equally infrequent in both NREM and REM later.
  • Hallucinations increased in both NREM and REM sleep as the night progressed, while directed thinking decreased in NREM.

Conclusions:

  • A reciprocal shift between focused thinking and hallucinating is a general characteristic of cognitive activity throughout the sleep cycle.
  • These cognitive changes are likely regulated by specific neurocognitive and state-regulatory processes in the brain.