Identification of a new human coronavirus

Area of Science:

• Virology
• Infectious Diseases
• Genomics

Background:

• Three human coronaviruses (HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, SARS-CoV) were previously identified.
• Human coronaviruses are significant respiratory pathogens.

Purpose of the Study:

• To identify novel human coronaviruses using a new discovery method.
• To characterize the genome and host cell range of a newly identified coronavirus.

Main Methods:

• Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a pediatric patient with bronchiolitis and conjunctivitis.
• Complete genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis.
• In vitro replication studies in cell lines.
• Screening of clinical specimens for viral presence.

Main Results:

• Identification of a fourth human coronavirus, designated HCoV-NL63.
• HCoV-NL63 is a new group 1 coronavirus, not a recombinant.
• The virus replicates in monkey kidney cells (LLC-MK2).
• Distinctive genomic features, including a unique N-terminal spike protein fragment.
• Seven additional cases of HCoV-NL63 infection were identified in individuals with respiratory illness.

Conclusions:

• HCoV-NL63 represents a newly discovered human coronavirus.
• The virus possesses unique genetic characteristics and an in vitro host cell range.
• HCoV-NL63 is prevalent in the human population and associated with respiratory illness.