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Validity and factor structure of the bodybuilding dependence scale.
1Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University College Chester, University of Liverpool, Chester, UK. d.smith@chester.ac.uk
British Journal of Sports Medicine
|March 25, 2004
Summary
Competitive bodybuilders show higher dependence symptoms than non-competitive ones, with no significant sex differences. The Bodybuilding Dependence Scale (BDS) is a reliable and valid measure for assessing this condition.
Area of Science:
- Sports Psychology
- Behavioral Science
- Psychometrics
Background:
- Bodybuilding dependence is a growing concern.
- Existing measures may not fully capture the nuances of this dependence.
Purpose of the Study:
- Validate the Bodybuilding Dependence Scale (BDS).
- Assess reliability and factor structure of the BDS.
- Examine differences in bodybuilding dependence based on sex and competition status.
Main Methods:
- Administered the BDS, Exercise Dependence Questionnaire (EDQ), and Muscle Dysmorphia Inventory (MDI) to 311 bodybuilders (male/female, competitive/non-competitive).
- Utilized confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to evaluate the BDS factor structure.
- Employed multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) to compare groups.
Main Results:
- CFA confirmed a three-factor model for the BDS: social dependence, training dependence, and mastery dependence.
- The BDS demonstrated high internal reliability (Cronbach's alpha > 0.92 for all subscales).
- Competitive bodybuilders scored significantly higher on all BDS subscales than non-competitive bodybuilders; no significant sex differences were found.
Conclusions:
- The three-factor BDS is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring bodybuilding dependence.
- Competitive engagement in bodybuilding is associated with higher levels of dependence.
- Bodybuilding dependence does not significantly differ between males and females.