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Related Concept Videos

What is the Skeletal System?01:02

What is the Skeletal System?

Overview
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

A Novel in vivo Gene Transfer Technique and in vitro Cell Based Assays for the Study of Bone Loss in Musculoskeletal Disorders
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Paget's disease of bone in patients younger than 40 years.

Theodore J Choma1, Timothy R Kuklo, Richard B Islinger

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.

Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research
|March 27, 2004
PubMed
Summary

Paget

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Rheumatology
  • Bone Metabolism

Background:

  • Paget's disease of bone is a common condition in the United States.
  • It is relatively rare in patients under 40 years old.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the characteristics of Paget's disease of bone in patients younger than 40 years.
  • To compare this younger cohort with older patients diagnosed with the condition.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of a large archival series of patients with Paget's disease of bone.
  • Data collection included patient demographics, presenting complaints, bone involvement patterns, and incidence of malignant transformation.

Main Results:

  • 10% of patients with Paget's disease of bone were younger than 40 years.
  • Pain and pathologic fracture were the most common presenting complaints in the younger group.
  • Appendicular and monostotic bone involvement was more frequent in younger patients, though not statistically significant.
  • No cases of associated malignancies were observed in the younger cohort, contrasting with a high incidence (30.3%) in the overall series.

Conclusions:

  • Paget's disease of bone in patients under 40 presents with distinct characteristics, including a higher frequency of appendicular and monostotic involvement.
  • While this younger group did not exhibit associated malignancies, the overall incidence of malignant transformation in Paget's disease remains a significant concern.