Stationary-phase effects in gradient high-performance liquid chromatography

The type of the stationary phase for reversed-phase liquid chromatography significantly affects the sample polarity range that can be covered using gradients of organic solvents in water. The polarity range available for gradient separations of samples containing compounds differing in the lipophilic parts of the molecules can be characterized by "gradient lipophilic capacity", Pl, based on the retention of standard compounds with a repeat lipophilic structural unit, such as a methylene group. The gradient lipophilic capacity is also suitable to characterize the separation possibilities of the columns in non-aqueous reversed-phase gradient elution of strongly non-polar compounds, such as triacylglycerols. In the same way, the suitability of various columns for reversed-phase gradient separations of oligomers can be characterized by "gradient oligomer capacity", as demonstrated in the example of oligo(ethylene glycols). To enable a comparison of the properties of stationary phases independent of column efficiency and dimensions, the gradient lipophilic capacity or the gradient oligomer capacity should be normalized for a "standard" column plate number, gradient range and volume (in column hold-up volume units). The gradient lipophilic capacity or the gradient oligomer capacity and the number of compounds that can be resolved during a gradient run decrease as the initial concentration of the strong solvent in the mobile phase increases and (or) the gradient time decreases. These quantities can be used to select a suitable column and to adjust the optimum gradient profile (the initial composition of the mobile phase and the gradient steepness) with respect to the time of analysis and the number of oligomers or other compounds with regular repeat structural groups that can be resolved during the gradient run.