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Updated: Aug 25, 2026
A Three-Dimensional Spheroid Model to Investigate the Tumor-Stromal Interaction in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Published on: September 30, 2021
Critical evaluation of the different staging systems for hepatocellular carcinoma
S Wildi1, B C Pestalozzi, L McCormack
1Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
Background:
Diagnostic and therapeutic options for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have improved substantially in recent years. A number of new palliative and potentially curative treatment strategies are now available. However, evaluation of the therapeutic modalities and assessment of the prognosis of HCC remain difficult owing to the lack of consensus on a single staging system and the availability of a number of new staging systems, each claiming to be the most appropriate.
Methods:
The most frequently used staging systems for HCC are presented here. Their ability to stratify patients into different treatment groups and to define prognosis are discussed. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of each system are analysed.
Results And Conclusion:
None of the currently used staging systems fulfils all the requirements for stratification of patients with HCC into groups of different prognosis and therapeutic recommendations. An international agreement on a single staging system is urgently needed in order to permit comparable randomized clinical trials. Only in this way will the outcome for those with HCC be improved.
