Recognition of apertures in overhead transparent barriers by leopard frogs

Anurans have independent systems for detecting moving stimuli and stationary opaque objects. We have discovered that leopard frogs will also orient to, and spontaneously and accurately jump through, circular apertures in overhead transparent covers. When given a choice between one large aperture of 3.8 cm diameter, and three apertures of smaller but equal diameter (2.5 cm diameter, 1.9 cm diameter, or 1.3 cm diameter) they choose the larger diameter aperture at a frequency (64, 87 and 97%, respectively) that is statistically greater than chance. In only 1 of 255 attempts was there a jump to the overhead cover that was not directed at an aperture. Atectal frogs are still able to detect and jump accurately through transparent apertures. Frogs cannot distinguish between two apertures of equal diameter if one aperture is covered with clear plastic with high light transmissibility (92% of transmissibility of air). However, if the plastic covering of the aperture has a residue which reduces light through the cover from 92 to 87% of the transmissibility of air, frogs will jump to the uncovered aperture at a frequency that is statistically greater than chance. Our results show that leopard frogs have an extremely well developed ability to detect overhead apertures just as they can vertical obstacles. They are able to jump towards such openings with a small margin of error independent of the tectal visual system.