Foveal flicker-fusion frequencies: a simple, new apparatus (4F)

While spatial resolution may be easily assessed with contrast-sensitivity frequency (CSF) data, determination of foveal flicker-fusion frequency (4F) is a simple method of providing the ophthalmic practitioner with accurate information about temporal resolution. The authors describe a simple apparatus that controls luminance, light intensity, light intervals, stimulus size, homogeneity of background illumination, and binocular gaze, especially when using two wavelengths, allowing an increased number of applications with reliable and comparable results. It may prove to be a useful tool for screening, clinical and subclinical assessment, and for evaluating visual acuity, also during follow-up.