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Related Concept Videos

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene01:20

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

The nitration of benzene is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It involves the formation of a very powerful electrophile, the nitronium ion, which is linear in shape. The reaction occurs through the interaction of two strong acids, sulfuric and nitric acid.
Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds01:29

Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds

Oximes can be reduced to primary amines using catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, or sodium metal reduction. The reduction of aliphatic and aromatic nitro compounds to primary amines takes place by either catalytic hydrogenation or by using active metals like Fe, Zn, and Sn in the presence of an acid.
Though catalytic hydrogenation can reduce nitrobenzenes, the reduction is nonselective in the presence of other functional groups. For instance, if nitrobenzene contains an aldehyde group,...
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview01:26

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview

Nitrous acid and nitric acids are two types of acids containing nitrogen, among which nitrous acid is weaker than nitric acid. Nitrous acid with a pKa value of 3.37 ionizes in water to give a nitrite ion and the hydronium ion.
The nitrous acid is unstable. Hence, it is formed in situ from a solution of sodium nitrite and cold aqueous acids such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In an acidic solution, the –OH group of nitrous acid undergoes protonation to give oxonium ion, followed by water loss...
2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
Nitrosation of Enols01:19

Nitrosation of Enols

The nitrosation reaction is one of the methods of preparing 1,2-diketones. The enol tautomer of the starting ketone reacts with sodium nitrite in hydrochloric acid, generating the 1,2-diketone after hydrolysis.
Hemoglobin01:24

Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin is a globular protein made up of four subunits. Two of these subunits are alpha chains, and the other two are beta chains. Each subunit contains a molecule of heme, which has an iron atom and can bind to oxygen. When an oxygen molecule binds to one heme group, it changes the shape of hemoglobin, making it easier for the other heme groups to bind oxygen as well.
When all four heme groups are bound to oxygen, the resulting molecule is called oxyhemoglobin. As a result, arterial blood...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Analytical Techniques for Assaying Nitric Oxide Bioactivity
11:28

Analytical Techniques for Assaying Nitric Oxide Bioactivity

Published on: June 18, 2012

S-nitrosohemoglobin: a biochemical perspective.

Yanhong Zhang1, Neil Hogg

  • 1Department of Biophysics and Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.

Free Radical Biology & Medicine
|April 3, 2004
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

S-nitrosohemoglobin (HbSNO) was proposed to mediate nitric oxide (NO) delivery to regulate blood flow. This review finds little evidence supporting complex NO-hemoglobin interactions beyond established mechanisms.

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Chemiluminescence-based Assays for Detection of Nitric Oxide and its Derivatives from Autoxidation and Nitrosated Compounds

Published on: February 16, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Physiology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • S-nitrosohemoglobin (HbSNO) is hypothesized as an oxygen-dependent mediator for nitric oxide (NO) delivery.
  • This hypothesis challenges existing understanding of NO-hemoglobin interactions in regulating vascular tone and blood flow.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the chemical and biochemical mechanisms of HbSNO formation.
  • To review the properties of HbSNO and the release of NO from HbSNO.
  • To evaluate the evidence supporting novel NO-hemoglobin interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of chemical and biochemical studies on HbSNO.
  • Analysis of experimental data concerning NO, nitrite, and S-nitrosothiol reactions with hemoglobin.
  • Critical assessment of existing hypotheses on NO-hemoglobin interactions.

Main Results:

  • Novel reactions involving NO, nitrite, and S-nitrosothiols with hemoglobin have been identified.
  • The formation, properties, and NO-releasing characteristics of HbSNO were examined.
  • Evidence for complex NO-hemoglobin interactions beyond established pathways was evaluated.

Conclusions:

  • While new reactions of NO with hemoglobin exist, there is limited support for a significantly more complex interaction than previously understood.
  • The proposed role of HbSNO as a primary NO mediator requires further robust evidence.
  • Established mechanisms of NO-hemoglobin interaction remain the predominant explanation for NO delivery and vascular regulation.