Modulation of LDL oxidation by 7,8-dihydroneopterin

Human macrophages stimulated with interferon-gamma generate neopterin and 7,8-dihydroneopterin which interfere with reactive species involved in LDL oxidation. While neopterin was found to have pro-oxidative effects on copper-mediated LDL oxidation, the influence of 7,8-dihydroneopterin is more complex. This study provides detailed information that 7,8-dihydroneopterin reveals both pro-oxidative and anti-oxidative effects on copper mediated LDL oxidation. 7,8-dihydroneopterin inhibited the oxidation of native LDL effectively monitored by (i) formation of conjugated dienes, (ii) relative electrophoretic mobility (EM) and (iii) specific oxidized epitopes. Using minimally oxidized LDL (mi-LDL) or moderately oxidized LDL (mo-LDL) 7,8-dihydroneopterin changed its antioxidative behavior to a strongly pro-oxidative. Incubation of 7,8-dihydroneopterin with native LDL, mi-LDL or mo-LDL in the absence of copper ions showed that formation of conjugated dienes was more increased in mo-LDL than in mi-LDL while no diene formation was observed with native LDL. We suggest that 7,8-dihydroneopterin is a modulator for LDL oxidation in the presence of copper ions depending on the "oxidative status" of this lipoprotein.