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Related Experiment Videos

Evolution of the interleukins.

Pete Kaiser1, Lisa Rothwell, Stuart Avery

  • 1Institute for Animal Health, Compton, Berkshire RG20 7NN, UK. pete.kaiser@bbsrc.ac.uk

Developmental and Comparative Immunology
|April 6, 2004
PubMed
Summary
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Cytokines controlling adaptive immunity are found in jawed vertebrates. Innate immune response cytokines, like IL-6, show evidence in lower animals, suggesting evolutionary conservation.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Comparative Genomics

Background:

  • The adaptive immune system evolved in jawed vertebrates.
  • Cytokines are crucial signaling molecules in immune responses.
  • Understanding cytokine evolution provides insights into immune system origins.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary distribution of cytokines.
  • To test the hypothesis that adaptive immune cytokines are restricted to jawed vertebrates.
  • To explore the presence of innate immune cytokines in non-vertebrate animals.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on cytokine cloning and characterization across vertebrate and invertebrate species.
  • Analysis of published data on cytokine receptor presence.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Description of experimental evidence using cross-reactive bioassays, polyclonal antisera, and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs).

    • Main Results:

    • T1 and T2 interleukins (cytokines specific to adaptive immunity) have only been cloned in birds.
    • Receptors for T1/T2 interleukins found in fish suggest the presence of these cytokines.
    • Pro-inflammatory interleukins identified in birds, fish, and amphibians, but not reptiles.
    • An Interleukin-6 (IL-6)-like factor detected in starfish, indicating innate immune cytokine presence in invertebrates.

    Conclusions:

    • Cytokines exclusively involved in adaptive immunity appear limited to jawed vertebrates.
    • Cytokines with roles in innate immunity show broader evolutionary conservation, with evidence extending to invertebrates.
    • Further research is needed to clone and characterize cytokines in a wider range of species.