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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Determination of the Relative Potency of an Anti-TNF Monoclonal Antibody (mAb) by Neutralizing TNF Using an In Vitro Bioanalytical Method

Determination of the Relative Potency of an Anti-TNF Monoclonal Antibody (mAb) by Neutralizing TNF Using an In Vitro Bioanalytical Method

Published on: September 16, 2017

Tumor necrosis factors.

Frederick W Goetz¹, Josep V Planas, Simon MacKenzie

¹Marine Resources Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. rgoetz@mbl.edu

Developmental and Comparative Immunology

|April 6, 2004

Summary

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and its related factors play key roles in immunity and inflammation. This study finds that fish possess a single TNF form, structurally similar to mammalian TNFalpha, with conserved regulatory mechanisms.

Area of Science:

Immunology
Evolutionary Biology
Molecular Biology

Background:

The Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) Ligand Superfamily encompasses factors with critical roles in inflammation, apoptosis, and immune system stimulation.
TNF has been identified in mammals and fish, with mammals possessing two forms (TNF-alpha and TNF-beta), while fish appear to have only one.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the characteristics and evolutionary conservation of TNF in vertebrates, focusing on fish.
To compare the structure, genomic organization, and transcriptional regulation of TNF in fish with its mammalian counterparts.

Main Methods:

Comparative analysis of TNF structure and genomic organization between mammals and fish.
Examination of TNF transcript expression kinetics in fish.

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Investigation of NF-kappaB involvement in TNF expression in fish.

Main Results:

Fish possess a single TNF form that shares structural and genomic similarities with mammalian TNFalpha.
TNF transcripts exhibit similar expression kinetics in both mammals and fish.
NF-kappaB involvement in fish TNF expression suggests conserved transcriptional regulation across vertebrates.
Mammalian TNFalpha enhances macrophage activity in fish and birds, indicating conserved functional roles.

Conclusions:

The findings suggest that fish TNFalpha is bioactive and functionally conserved.
Transcriptional regulation of TNF appears conserved throughout vertebrate evolution, involving NF-kappaB.
This study highlights the evolutionary significance of TNFalpha in vertebrate immunity.