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Related Concept Videos

Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue01:23

Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue

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Bone tissue forms the internal skeleton of vertebrate animals, providing structure to the body.
Bone Matrix
Bone, or osseous tissue, is a connective tissue that has a large amount of two different types of matrix material. The organic matrix is similar to the matrix material found in other connective tissues, including some amount of collagen and elastic fibers. This gives strength and flexibility to the tissue. The inorganic matrix consists of mineral salts— mostly calcium salts—...
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Bone Markings01:26

Bone Markings

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Bones have various surface features that help form joints and attach to other soft tissues. Depending on the function, bone markings are categorized into articulating projections, processes for attachment, depressions, and openings.
Articulating Projections
Articulating projections are found where two bones meet to form a joint. These structures are usually found at the ends of bones. The largest articulation is a rounded projection called the head, supported by a narrow neck at the ends of...
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The Bone Matrix01:18

The Bone Matrix

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Bone contains a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of collagen fibers that provide an adherent surface for inorganic salt crystals. Both components of the matrix, organic and inorganic, contribute to the unusual properties of bone. Without collagen, bones would be brittle and shatter easily. Without mineral crystals, bones would flex and provide little support. This can be observed by an experiment: when the minerals of a bone are dissolved by soaking the bone in...
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Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones01:29

Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones

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Bones are dynamic organs that require a rich supply of oxygen and nutrients. Around 5% to 10% of the cardiac output supplies blood to the bones. A typical long bone has three main sources: the nutrient artery, the metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries, and the periosteal arteries.
Nutrient Artery
The nutrient artery is the main blood vessel that enters the diaphysis via the nutrient foramen. While most long bones have only one nutrient foramen, large bones, such as the femur, may have two. This...
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Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Longitudinal Evaluation of Mouse Hind Limb Bone Loss After Spinal Cord Injury using Novel, in vivo, Methodology
10:39

Longitudinal Evaluation of Mouse Hind Limb Bone Loss After Spinal Cord Injury using Novel, in vivo, Methodology

Published on: December 7, 2011

16.4K

Fat's loss is bone's gain.

Liming Pei1, Peter Tontonoz

  • 1Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1662, USA.

The Journal of Clinical Investigation
|April 7, 2004
PubMed
Summary

Haploinsufficiency of the transcription factor PPARgamma promotes bone formation, offering new insights into osteoporosis. This discovery highlights a reciprocal relationship between bone and fat development, suggesting PPAR as a potential therapeutic target.

Area of Science:

  • Molecular biology
  • Endocrinology
  • Bone biology

Background:

  • Osteoporosis is a significant health issue in the elderly, marked by low bone mass and increased fracture risk.
  • Bone mass is regulated by the balance between osteoblast bone formation and osteoclast bone resorption.
  • Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a transcription factor involved in adipogenesis, lipid, and glucose metabolism.

Discussion:

  • Haploinsufficiency of PPARγ enhances osteoblast formation, thereby promoting osteogenesis.
  • This suggests a reciprocal relationship between bone and adipose tissue development.
  • The findings indicate that PPARγ plays a crucial role in regulating bone mass.

Key Insights:

  • PPARγ deficiency promotes bone formation by increasing osteoblast differentiation.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 6, 2026

Longitudinal Evaluation of Mouse Hind Limb Bone Loss After Spinal Cord Injury using Novel, in vivo, Methodology
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Femoral Bone Marrow Aspiration in Live Mice
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Proximal Cadaveric Femur Preparation for Fracture Strength Testing and Quantitative CT-based Finite Element Analysis
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  • A balance exists between bone and fat tissue regulation, influenced by PPARγ.
  • Targeting the PPAR pathway may offer a novel therapeutic strategy for osteoporosis.

    • Outlook:

    • Further research into the PPAR pathway could lead to new treatments for osteoporosis.
    • Understanding the interplay between fat and bone metabolism may reveal additional therapeutic targets.
    • Investigating PPARγ's role in other bone diseases is warranted.