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Related Concept Videos

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The craniofacial muscles are a collection of approximately 20 thin skeletal muscles situated beneath the skin of the face and scalp. These muscles, primarily responsible for the vast array of human facial expressions, originate from the bones or fibrous structures of the skull and extend outwards to connect with the skin. While most skeletal muscles in the body are enveloped in thick fascia, facial muscles generally have a more delicate fascial covering, with the buccinator muscle being a...
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The cranial nerves are an important part of the complex network of nerves in the human body. These nerves emerge directly from the brain and are responsible for transmitting essential information between the brain and various parts of the head and neck. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, systematically numbered using Roman numerals from I to XII, beginning from the anterior and moving to the posterior of the brain. Each cranial nerve is uniquely identified by names that reflect its function...
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Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves. While the first six innervate the head and neck, the latter six nerves innervate the head and neck, as well as organs and tissues in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. They facilitate communication, expression, and autonomic control within the human body.
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Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
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The cranial part of the parasympathetic division plays a crucial role in regulating the visceral functions of the head and specific structures in the neck, thoracic, and abdominopelvic cavities. Preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division exit the brain through cranial nerves III (oculomotor), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus), delivering parasympathetic output to the respective visceral structures.
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The lungs are a pair of vital organs connected to the trachea via the left and right bronchi. The base of these organs meets the dome-shaped muscle known as the diaphragm. Encased by the pleurae, the lungs contact the mediastinum. The right lung is shorter yet wider, and has a larger volume than the left lung. The left lung has an indentation known as the cardiac notch. The superior region of the lungs is referred to as the apex, whereas the base is the lower region near the diaphragm. The...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 15, 2026

Ethanol-Induced Cervical Sympathetic Ganglion Block Applications for Promoting Canine Inferior Alveolar Nerve Regeneration Using an Artificial Nerve
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Sculpting organ innervation.

Barbara L Hempstead1

  • 1Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA. blhempst@med.cornell.edu

The Journal of Clinical Investigation
|April 7, 2004
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) directly regulates nerve growth factor (NGF) expression, which is crucial for sympathetic heart innervation during development. This highlights a coordinated mechanism between endothelins and neurotrophic factors in organ development.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular biology

Background:

  • Neurotrophic factors like nerve growth factor (NGF) and glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) are vital for tissue innervation.
  • Regulation of temporal and organ-specific neurotrophic factor expression remains poorly understood.

Discussion:

  • Nerve growth factor (NGF) is identified as a direct target of endothelin-1 (ET-1).
  • ET-1-induced NGF expression is essential for the sympathetic innervation of the developing heart.
  • This finding, alongside studies on GDNF and ET-3 in enteric nervous system development, suggests a broader role for endothelin-neurotrophic factor interactions.

Key Insights:

  • Endothelin-1 (ET-1) directly controls nerve growth factor (NGF) expression.
  • ET-1 mediated NGF upregulation is critical for cardiac sympathetic innervation.
  • Specific endothelin-neurotrophic factor pairings coordinate neuronal development across different organs.

Outlook:

  • Investigating other endothelin-neurotrophic factor interactions in various organ systems.
  • Elucidating the precise molecular mechanisms linking endothelins to neurotrophic factor regulation.
  • Exploring therapeutic potential of targeting these pathways for neurological disorders or developmental defects.