Polymer and particle adsorption at the PDMS droplet-water interface

Polymer and particle adsorption at the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) droplet-water interface has been investigated. Adsorption isotherms and adsorbed layer structure are reported for a range of PEO-PPO-PEO block copolymers, and hydrophilic and hydrophobic silica "nanoparticles". The influence of solution conditions on the adsorption behaviour has indicated the thermodynamics of polymer-droplet and particle-droplet interactions. The influence of droplet cross-linking (deformability) has indicated the role of interfacial penetration in controlling adsorption at the droplet-water interface. The plateau adsorbed amount (Gamma(max)) and adsorbed layer thickness (delta(max)) of PEO-PPO-PEO copolymers are dependent on the copolymer structure and the level of cross-linking within droplets. For a wide range of copolymer structures, Gamma(max) values are in the range 2 to 20 mg m(-2). For delta(max), values range from 2 to 20 nm and are directly proportional to the PEO block length. Droplet cross-linking significantly reduces Gamma and delta values; this is considered to be due to the influence of interfacial penetrability on the adsorbed copolymer conformation. Hydrophilic silica particles adsorb onto PDMS droplets with plateau surface coverages that correspond to their hard sphere radius+double layer thickness, i.e. lateral silica-silica interactions control particle packing. Free energies of adsorption (DeltaG(ads)) are concurrent with a physical adsorption mechanism. Surface coverages, DeltaG(ads) and particle packing at the interface are only weakly influenced by pH, but are significantly influenced by salt addition. Droplet cross-linking reduced particle adsorption only at higher salt concentrations; this was attributed to the increased likelihood of silica particles wetting PDMS. Freeze fracture SEM revealed that individual silica particles are adsorbed at the droplet interface with negligible interfacial aggregation. Densely packed adsorbed particle layers are only observed when the double layer thickness is a few nanometers. Adsorption of hydrophobic particles at the PDMS droplet-water interface is more pronounced (greater adsorbed amounts and DeltaG(ads) values) than for hydrophilic particles and displays a pH dependency in line with 'DLVO behaviour'. The surface coverage values correspond to multiple close packed layers and are significantly influenced by droplet cross-linking, conferring extensive interfacial penetration (confirmed by SEM). Densely packed adsorbed particle layers with interfacial aggregation are observed over a wide range of solution conditions. Interfacial particle saturation occurred at a salt concentration two orders of magnitude less than the critical coagulation concentration (ccc) for silica in water. This phenomenon was observed for both liquid and cross-linked PDMS droplets indicating that particle interaction through the water phase plays a decisive role in particle packing at the interface. SEM indicated the presence of a rigid interfacial crust layer at the salt concentration corresponding to interfacial saturation and a multi-layered interfacial particle wall at salt concentrations >/= ccc. The PDMS droplets under consideration, having inherent colloid stability in the absence of added stabilisers, are an excellent model system for characterising polymer and particle adsorption at the droplet-water interface. The insight gained concerning adsorption thermodynamics at the droplet-water interface is not available from more conventional emulsions.