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Related Concept Videos

Diencephalon: Anatomical Regions01:30

Diencephalon: Anatomical Regions

The diencephalon, etymologically translated as 'through brain,' plays an integral role as the conduit between the cerebrum and the vast extent of the nervous system. However, the olfactory system is an exception, as it interfaces directly with the cerebrum. The diencephalon, deeply ensconced beneath the cerebrum, primarily consists of three paired structures — the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithelamus. It also includes accessory structures such as the subthalamus, which houses the subthalamic...
Diencephalon: Hypothalamus and Coordination01:23

Diencephalon: Hypothalamus and Coordination

The hypothalamus is a small yet highly complex and essential brain region that plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions. Anatomically, it is located at the base of the brain, just above the brainstem and below the thalamus, forming part of the limbic system.
The hypothalamus interacts with other brain regions, including the pituitary gland, through a direct physical connection called the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. The hypothalamus receives somatic and visceral inputs and...
Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...
Regulation of Food Intake01:30

Regulation of Food Intake

Short-term regulation of food intake primarily involves neural signals from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood nutrient levels, and GI tract hormones. Communication between the gut and brain via vagal nerve fibers plays a significant role in evaluating the contents of the gut. Clinical studies have shown that protein ingestion produces a more prolonged response in these nerve fibers compared to an equivalent amount of glucose. Additionally, the activation of stretch receptors caused by GI...
Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by the...
Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors01:23

Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors

Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) is a serine protease widely distributed in the body. It's involved in the inactivation of GLP-1 and GIP hormones, which are crucial for insulin regulation. DPP-4 inhibitors, such as sitagliptin (Januvia), saxagliptin (Onglyza), linagliptin (Tradjenta), alogliptin (Nesina), and vildagliptin (Galvus), help increase the proportion of active GLP-1, enhancing insulin secretion. These inhibitors work by competitively binding to DPP-4. This binding causes a significant...

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A RAPID Method for Blood Processing to Increase the Yield of Plasma Peptide Levels in Human Blood
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Adiponectin acts in the brain to decrease body weight.

Yong Qi1, Nobuhiko Takahashi, Stanley M Hileman

  • 1Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, and the Penn Diabetes Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.

Nature Medicine
|April 13, 2004
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Adiponectin (ADP) crosses the brain barrier and reduces body weight by increasing energy expenditure. This adipocyte hormone also potentiates leptin

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroendocrinology
  • Metabolic Regulation
  • Adipocyte Signaling

Background:

  • Adiponectin (ADP) is a key adipocyte hormone regulating glucose and lipid metabolism.
  • Understanding ADP's central nervous system (CNS) effects is crucial for metabolic disease research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the central effects of adiponectin on energy homeostasis.
  • To determine if adiponectin influences body weight, energy expenditure, and neuroendocrine pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Intravenous (i.v.) and intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of various forms of adiponectin in mice.
  • Assessment of body weight, energy expenditure, thermogenesis, and serum glucose/lipid levels.
  • Analysis of hypothalamic neuropeptide expression (CRH) and Fos immunoreactivity.
  • Studies in Lep(ob/ob) and Agouti (A(y)/a) mouse models.

Main Results:

  • Intracerebroventricular adiponectin administration decreased body weight by stimulating energy expenditure.
  • Adiponectin enhanced thermogenesis and reduced glucose/lipid levels, particularly in Lep(ob/ob) mice.
  • Adiponectin potentiated leptin's effects on thermogenesis and lipid levels, sharing CRH induction but differing in other neuropeptide targets.
  • Agouti mice showed no response, suggesting a common melanocortin pathway involvement.

Conclusions:

  • Adiponectin exerts unique central effects on energy homeostasis, distinct from leptin.
  • The adipocyte hormone adiponectin acts within the brain to regulate metabolism and body weight.
  • Adiponectin's actions may involve the melanocortin pathway, offering potential therapeutic targets for metabolic disorders.