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Word frequency effects in associative and item recognition.

S E Clark1

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside 92521.

Memory & Cognition
|May 1, 1992
PubMed
Summary

The word frequency effect (WFE) differs between item and associative recognition, suggesting common memory mechanisms. High-frequency words benefit associative recognition and recall, unlike item recognition.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Memory Research

Background:

  • The word frequency effect (WFE) traditionally suggests distinct retrieval mechanisms for recall and recognition.
  • Most memory models assume separate processes for recalling information and recognizing it.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of word frequency in different memory tasks.
  • To test whether recall and recognition share underlying retrieval mechanisms.
  • To examine the WFE in associative recognition and its interaction with item recognition.

Main Methods:

  • Experiment 1: Associative recognition task with word pairs.
  • Experiment 2: Item recognition, associative recognition, and free recall with word triples.
  • Experiment 3: Item recognition focusing on intact pairs versus recombined pairs.

Main Results:

  • The WFE reversed in associative recognition, favoring high-frequency words.
  • An interaction between word frequency and test type was observed: high-frequency words aided associative recognition and free recall, while low-frequency words aided item recognition.
  • Recognition advantage for intact pairs was greater for high-frequency words, suggesting dual components in recognition memory.

Conclusions:

  • Findings challenge the notion of fundamentally different retrieval mechanisms for recall and recognition.
  • Results support the idea of shared cognitive processes underlying various memory tasks.
  • The study implies that memory models should incorporate common mechanisms for recall and recognition, as suggested by the SAM model.

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