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Related Experiment Videos

Scalenus muscles in macaque monkeys.

Akinari Tokiyoshi1, Masahiro Koizumi, Katsushi Kawai

  • 1Department of Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan. koizumi@kaiju.medic.kumamoto-u.ac.jp

Anatomical Science International
|April 20, 2004
PubMed
Summary

Comparative anatomy of primate scalenus muscles reveals distinct innervation patterns. Macaque scalenus dorsalis muscles show unique connections, suggesting a different developmental origin than human scalenus muscles.

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Area of Science:

  • Comparative Anatomy
  • Primate Musculoskeletal System
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • The scalenus muscles play a crucial role in respiration and neck movement.
  • Understanding their morphology and innervation in non-human primates offers insights into human musculoskeletal evolution.
  • Previous studies have primarily focused on human scalenus muscle anatomy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the attachments and innervation of scalenus muscles in Japanese and rhesus macaques with human anatomy.
  • To elucidate the morphological significance of observed differences in scalenus muscle structure and nerve supply.
  • To investigate the potential evolutionary origins of scalenus muscles based on comparative innervation patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Dissection and observation of scalenus muscle attachments and innervation in two Japanese monkeys and one rhesus monkey.

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  • Detailed comparison of macaque scalenus muscle anatomy with established human anatomical data.
  • Analysis of nerve branching patterns, including cervical nerve roots, long thoracic nerve, and intercostal nerves.

    • Main Results:

    • The macaque scalenus ventralis muscle closely resembles the human scalenus anterior muscle but receives innervation from lower cervical nerve segments.
    • The phrenic nerve consistently penetrates the scalenus ventralis muscle in macaques.
    • Macaque scalenus dorsalis muscles are differentiated into brevis and longus parts with distinct rib attachments and receive innervation from the long thoracic nerve and intercostal nerves, unlike human counterparts.

    Conclusions:

    • The unique innervation of macaque scalenus dorsalis muscles suggests a contribution from upper limb girdle musculature, differentiating them from human scalenus muscles.
    • These findings highlight significant evolutionary divergence in the development and innervation of the neck and shoulder musculature between macaques and humans.
    • The study provides a basis for further research into the developmental pathways and functional implications of scalenus muscle variations across primate species.