Cytotoxic effects of gingival retraction cords on human gingival fibroblasts in vitro

The objective of this study was to determine the cytocompatibility of three different extracts of gingival retraction cords and to compare the cytotoxic effect of these materials on human gingival fibroblasts. Gingival retraction cords impregnated with aluminium sulphate (Gingi-Aid), dl-adrenaline HCl (Gingi-Pak) and non-drug-impregnated cord (Gingi-Plain) were eluted with culture medium for 10 min and 24 h. Cytotoxicity was judged using a tetrazolium bromide reduction assay. Our data demonstrated that gingival retraction cords applied alone almost completely inhibited cell viability (P < 0.05). In addition, the results also showed that the eluates from aluminium sulphate-impregnated cord, dl-adrenaline HCl-impregnated cord and non-drug-impregnated cord were cytotoxic to primary human gingival fibroblast cultures (P < 0.05). The cell viability of incubation of gingival fibroblasts containing 10-min eluates of aluminium sulphate, dl-adrenaline HCl and non-drug-impregnated cord was 61, 21 and 70%, respectively. The cell viability of incubation of gingival fibroblasts containing 24 h eluates of aluminium sulphate, dl-adrenaline HCl and non-drug-impregnated cord was 68, 58 and 72%, respectively. It was found that dl-adrenaline HCl-impregnated gingival retraction cord was the most toxic gingival retraction cord among the materials tested in all cultures (P < 0.05). The cytotoxicity decreased in an order of dl-adrenaline HCl-impregnated cord > aluminium sulphate-impregnated cord > non-drug-impregnated cord. The extent or degree of the cytotoxicity depended on the materials tested. Gingival retraction cords have significant potential for gingival toxicity. Careful management of gingiva retraction cords would lower the risk of potential gingival tissue damage during clinical application procedure and thus increase the success of prosthodontic procedures.