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Updated: Aug 24, 2026

Establishment of an Embryo Implantation Model In Vitro
Published on: June 21, 2024
Buried emanation; the development of seeds for permanent implantation
1Departments of Radiation Oncology and Urology, Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA . aronowij@upstate.edu
Purpose:
To chronicle the development of radioactive sources for permanent implantation.
Methods And Materials:
Review of contemporary literature.
Results:
The value of ionizing radiation in the treatment of malignancy was appreciated soon after Roentgen's and Becquerel's discoveries. Brachytherapy was developed to treat tumors that were poorly controlled by early X-ray equipment. Sources and techniques for permanent implantation were devised in the first quarter of the 20th century.
Conclusions:
Long before the creation of artificial isotopes, pioneering physicists and clinicians fashioned seeds from naturally occurring radionuclides and ingenuity.
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