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Lead phosphate formation in soils.

J Cotter-Howells1

  • 1Environmental Geochemistry Research, Imperial College, London, UK.

Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)
|January 1, 1996
PubMed
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Pyromorphite, a stable lead mineral, was found in urban soils. Phosphate additions could increase its formation, potentially reducing lead bioavailability in these environments.

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Geochemistry
  • Soil Science

Background:

  • Pyromorphite (Pb5(PO4)3Cl) is a highly stable lead mineral under surface environmental conditions.
  • It is expected to form in lead-contaminated soils with sufficient phosphorus availability.
  • Previous studies identified pyromorphite in mine-waste and industrial soils, but not urban soils.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report the presence of a lead phosphate phase in urban and roadside soils.
  • To investigate the formation and characteristics of this lead phosphate.
  • To assess the potential of pyromorphite formation for mitigating lead bioavailability in urban environments.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of urban and roadside soils for lead phosphate presence.
  • Quantitative Energy-Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis to determine elemental composition.

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  • X-ray Diffraction (XRD) for phase identification (hindered by deviations from pure end-member and poor crystallinity).

    • Main Results:

    • A lead phosphate phase, identified as pyromorphite with significant calcium substitution (21-31 atomic percent), was detected in urban and roadside soils.
    • This pyromorphite formed as a weathering product of lead-bearing grains.
    • Pyromorphite constituted less than 2% of the total lead in the studied soils.

    Conclusions:

    • Pyromorphite formation occurs in urban soils, indicating a potential pathway for lead immobilization.
    • Phosphate amendments could enhance pyromorphite formation, thereby reducing lead bioavailability.
    • The findings suggest a strategy for managing lead contamination in urban environments through mineral transformation.