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Environmental cadmium in Europe.

A Jensen1, F Bro-Rasmussen

  • 1FORCE Institutes, Division for Isotope Techniques and Analysis, Brøndby, Denmark.

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
|January 1, 1992
PubMed
Summary
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This review highlights cadmium

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Ecotoxicology
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal with significant environmental and health implications.
  • Understanding cadmium's environmental fate, exposure pathways, and ecotoxicological effects is crucial for risk assessment and management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent (10-year) information on cadmium's environmental fate, exposure, and ecotoxicological effects.
  • To assess human and environmental exposure pathways, with a focus on European countries.
  • To analyze emission balances and consumption trends of cadmium.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies from the past 10 years.
  • Analysis of environmental data for cadmium in air, water, soil, and sediments.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Examination of ecotoxicological data and food web dynamics.
  • Review of regulatory limit values and emission data within the European Community.

    • Main Results:

    • Cadmium waste disposal is predominantly in solid waste deposits (70-90%).
    • Consumption patterns are shifting due to regulations, with decreased use in plating, stabilizers, and pigments, but increased use in batteries.
    • Cadmium mobility in sediments is higher than previously thought; aquatic organism accumulation varies (algae > molluscs > crustaceans > fish).
    • No biomagnification of cadmium observed in aquatic or terrestrial food webs.
    • Plant uptake is species-specific, with concentrations decreasing from roots to seeds.
    • Downward trends in air concentrations and deposition rates observed in Northern Europe (1970s-mid-1980s).
    • Dissolved cadmium in rivers is low (10-500 ng/L); oceanic seawater concentrations are 0.5-10 ng/L, with higher levels in coastal areas.
    • Freshwater lake sediments show elevated cadmium (3-30x background), with recent decreases in pollution.
    • Marine sediments show enrichment factors of 2, locally up to 5-10.

    Conclusions:

    • Despite regulatory efforts, cadmium consumption, particularly in batteries, is increasing globally.
    • Cadmium poses risks to aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, with varying accumulation and mobility patterns.
    • Continued monitoring and management strategies are essential to mitigate cadmium pollution and exposure.