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Structural changes in spruce and fir needles.

U Schmitt1, M Ruetze

  • 1Federal Research Center for Forestry and Forest Products, Institute for Wood Biology and Wood Protection, Leuschnerstr. 91, 2050 Hamburg 80, Germany.

Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)
|January 1, 1990
PubMed
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This study examined how sulfur dioxide (SO2) and ozone (O3) with acid rain affect spruce and fir needles. Fir trees showed more damage, indicating greater sensitivity to air pollution and acid rain.

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Plant Pathology
  • Forestry

Background:

  • Air pollution, including sulfur dioxide (SO2) and ozone (O3), and acid rain pose significant threats to forest ecosystems.
  • Understanding the histological impacts of these stressors on coniferous trees is crucial for forest health assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the histological changes in spruce and fir needles after long-term exposure to SO2 and/or O3 combined with acid rain.
  • To compare the sensitivity of spruce and fir trees to these specific environmental stressors.

Main Methods:

  • Needles from spruce and fir trees were exposed to controlled levels of SO2 and/or O3 with acid rain in open-top chambers.
  • Light and electron microscopy were used to evaluate histological alterations in the needle tissues.

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Main Results:

  • Fir needles exhibited structural changes in the vascular bundle, including crushed sieve cells and underdeveloped sieve cell walls, suggesting impaired assimilate translocation.
  • Exposure to SO2, regardless of other treatments, caused thylakoidal swelling and membrane reduction in mesophyll chloroplasts, mimicking nutrient deficiency symptoms.
  • Fir demonstrated higher sensitivity to the applied environmental stresses compared to spruce.

Conclusions:

  • Long-term exposure to SO2 and/or O3 with acid rain induces distinct histological damage in coniferous needles.
  • The observed damage patterns suggest potential disruptions in nutrient uptake and translocation processes.
  • Fir trees are more susceptible to these combined environmental stressors than spruce trees.