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Pipe Flowrate Measurement: Problem Solving01:28

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A spray tank system is engineered to uniformly distribute a pest-control liquid across plants by using a pressurized mechanism. The tank, pressurized to 150 kPa, holds the pesticide at a height of 0.80 meters. Liquid flows from the tank through a 1.9 meter pipe with a diameter of 0.015 meters, angled at 0.698 radians, ultimately reaching a 0.007 meter nozzle that sprays the pesticide. Accurate calculation of the system's flow rate is crucial to ensure uniform application, and this is achieved...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Empirical, Metagenomic, and Computational Techniques Illuminate the Mechanisms by which Fungicides Compromise Bee Health
08:36

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Buffer zone widths for honeybees from ground and aerial spraying of insecticides.

B N Davis1, C T Williams

  • 1NERC, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Monks Wood Experimental Station, Abbots Ripton, Huntingdon PE17 2LS, UK.

Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)
|January 1, 1990
PubMed
Summary

Insecticide spray drift creates buffer zones posing risks to honeybees. Estimated lethal dose distances (LD50) indicate potential hazards from ground and aerial applications, varying with weather conditions.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental toxicology
  • Agricultural entomology
  • Ecotoxicology

Background:

  • Insecticides pose risks to non-target organisms like honeybees.
  • Estimating field hazards requires considering toxicity and application rates.
  • Spray drift necessitates evaluating buffer zones to protect pollinators.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To estimate buffer zone distances for insecticides posing lethal doses (LD50) to honeybees via spray drift.
  • To compare risks from ground and aerial spraying under different weather conditions.
  • To contrast honeybee sensitivity with that of Pieris brassicae larvae.

Main Methods:

  • Calculating LD50 distances based on published spray deposition data.
  • Modeling drift under various wind speeds and atmospheric stability conditions.
  • Comparing insecticide risks for honeybees and Pieris brassicae larvae.

Main Results:

  • For ground spraying at low wind speeds (< or =3 m/s), risk zones are typically up to 5m.
  • Aerial spraying in unstable conditions yields similar drift to ground spraying at 4 m/s, with LD50 distances up to 40m for specific insecticides.
  • Aerial spraying in stable conditions results in significantly greater drift distances.

Conclusions:

  • Buffer zone sizes vary significantly based on spraying method and weather.
  • Specific insecticides like chlorpyrifos, fenitrothion, and triazophos present notable drift risks.
  • Honeybees and Pieris brassicae larvae exhibit differential sensitivity to insecticides, impacting risk assessment.