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Volume relaxation in polymers and its effect on waveguide applications.

Zhiyi Zhang1, Gaozhi Xiao, Chander P Grover

  • 1Photonic Systems Group, Institute for National Measurement Standards, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada. zhiyi.zhang@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca

Applied Optics
|April 22, 2004
PubMed
Summary

Volume relaxation in glassy polymers affects refractive index, independent of chemical structure. A minimum glass transition temperature (Tg) is crucial for polymer waveguide device reliability.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Physics
  • Optical Engineering

Background:

  • Glassy polymers exhibit time-dependent volume relaxation.
  • This relaxation phenomenon can alter their optical properties, specifically the refractive index.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between volume relaxation and refractive index changes in polymers.
  • To determine the factors influencing the rate of volume relaxation.
  • To establish guidelines for polymer selection in optical waveguide devices.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of volume relaxation rates (beta) in various polymers.
  • Correlation of beta with relaxation temperature (T) and glass transition temperature (Tg).
  • Prediction of refractive index changes based on Tg - T values.

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Main Results:

  • The beta rate of volume relaxation is solely dependent on relaxation temperature and Tg, not polymer structure.
  • Universal beta values were determined for polymers.
  • Predicted refractive index changes range from 7.86 x 10(-5) to 5.26 x 10(-4) for Tg - T between 90 and 350°C.

Conclusions:

  • Volume relaxation significantly impacts polymer refractive index, posing risks to optical devices.
  • Insufficiently high Tg in polymers can lead to device failure.
  • A minimum Tg requirement is recommended for polymers used in waveguide fabrication.