Mutations in the hMLH1 gene in Slovenian patients with gastric carcinoma

Alterations of multiple oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, together with genetic instability, are responsible for carcinogenesis in gastric cancer. The microsatellite mutator phenotype is the cause of many somatic frameshift and point mutations in non-coding repetitive sequences and in coding regions associated with cell proliferation and apoptosis. Genetic mutations in hMLH1 and transcriptional silencing of its promoter by hypermethylation lead to the inactivation of the mismatch repair system. In our study, we screened for mutations the hMLH1 gene in patients expressing the microsatellite instability genotype by using single-strand conformational polymorphism analysis and direct sequencing. Seven changes were identified; of these, three (A92P, E433Q, and K618A) were germline mutations and the other four (IVS5 453 + 79 A > G, I219V, 1039 - 7 del (T)(n), and IVS15 1668 - 19 A > G) germline polymorphisms. A92P and E433Q are novel, previously unidentified mutations. In addition, we found a rather complex distribution of mutations and polymorphisms in individual patients and in two cases also a methylated hMLH1 promoter.