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Related Concept Videos

What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then processed and...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...
Target Cell Response to Hormones01:22

Target Cell Response to Hormones

Hormones intricately bind to receptors on the surface or within target cells, initiating a cascade of cellular responses.
Notably, the cellular response can be regulated by altering the number of receptors expressed in the cell. For example, prolonged exposure to elevated hormone levels results in a gradual decline or down-regulation in the number of receptors for that specific hormone on the cell surface. Conversely, in response to low hormone levels, cells may use up-regulation, producing an...

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Profiling of Estrogen-regulated MicroRNAs in Breast Cancer Cells
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Modulation of androgen-responsive gene expression by estrogen.

R Jaussi1, G Watson, K Paigen

  • 1Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland.

Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
|August 1, 1992
PubMed
Summary

Sex steroids (testosterone and estrogen) influence gene expression in mouse kidneys. Estrogen affects gene regulation at the transcriptional level and mRNA stability, impacting testosterone-responsive genes.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Hormonal actions are often studied in isolation, but in vivo, multiple hormones interact.
  • Understanding the interplay of sex steroids is crucial for comprehending gene regulation in intact organisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mutual influence of testosterone and estrogen on eight known testosterone-responsive genes in mouse kidneys.
  • To elucidate the regulatory mechanisms underlying sex steroid-mediated gene expression.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of gene expression in mouse kidneys following exposure to different sex steroid conditions.
  • Assessment of transcriptional regulation and mRNA stability.
  • Investigation of androgen receptor localization.

Main Results:

  • Estrogen exhibited varied responses on the targeted genes, distinct from testosterone's effects.
  • Gene expression changes were primarily mediated by transcriptional regulation, with some evidence of altered mRNA stability.
  • Estrogen did not influence the nuclear localization of the androgen receptor.

Conclusions:

  • Genes in mouse kidneys can respond to the combined actions of both androgens and estrogens.
  • The regulatory outcome for each gene is determined by its specific interaction with both androgen and estrogen receptor complexes.
  • This highlights the complex, gene-specific nature of sex steroid hormone signaling.