Utilization of adenovirus vectors for multiple gene transfer applications

Mammalian viruses have evolved over millions of years to achieve a single goal, namely to rapidly enter a host mammalian cell, in order to achieve virus propagation. In so doing, these biologic parasites have acquired the molecular tools to rapidly and efficiently deliver their own nucleic acids into the nucleus of the host cell. The human adenovirus is one of the best studied of these parasites. As such the adenovirus has been re-engineered to allow it to be used as a tool to allow researchers to deliver desired nucleic acid sequences into a large variety of cell targets, both in tissue culture systems, as well as directly into living animals. Adenovirus based gene transfer systems can overcome most of the problems inherent to high efficiency gene transfer, and perform in a fashion that in many ways cannot be matched by most other currently utilized gene transfer systems. This article will attempt to summarize the multiple attributes of this widely utilized gene delivery system.