The utilization of visual feedback from peripheral and central vision in the control of direction

Past research has demonstrated that both peripheral and central vision play an important role in the control of movement direction. However, it has been unclear whether the benefits of these sources of information are due to adjustments in the limb trajectory during movement execution (i.e., online) or modification in motor commands prior to movement initiation (i.e., offline). In the present paper, we analyzed the variability in limb trajectories in a directional aiming task to examine the relative contributions of peripheral and central vision in both the planning and execution of movements. The point of gaze was manipulated to vary where in the limb trajectory information was gained from central and peripheral vision. Analysis of the variability in directional error at various stages of the movement revealed that participants utilized information from early in the trajectory during movement execution when it appeared in both peripheral and central visual fields. Information from late in the trajectory was used offline to improve the programming of subsequent movements regardless of where this information was available in the visual field.