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Related Concept Videos

Frictional Force01:07

Frictional Force

When a body is in motion, it encounters resistance because the body interacts with its surroundings. This resistance is known as friction, a common yet complex force whose behavior is still not completely understood. Friction opposes relative motion between systems in contact, but also allows us to move. Friction arises in part due to the roughness of surfaces in contact. For one object to move along a surface, it must rise to where the peaks of the surface can skip along the bottom of the...
Static and Kinetic Frictional Force01:05

Static and Kinetic Frictional Force

One of the simpler characteristics of sliding friction is that it is parallel to the contact surfaces between systems, and is always in a direction that opposes the motion or attempted motion of the systems relative to each other. If two systems are in contact and moving relative to one another, then the friction between them is called kinetic friction. For example, kinetic friction slows a hockey puck sliding on ice.
However, if two systems are in contact and are stationary relative to one...
Dry Friction01:30

Dry Friction

Dry friction occurs between two solid surfaces in contact as they attempt to move relative to one another. In daily life, dry friction is encountered in various forms, such as when walking on the ground, sliding an object across a table, or rubbing hands together. Despite its ubiquity, the underlying mechanisms behind dry friction are not readily visible.
To illustrate this concept, imagine a wooden crate resting on a rough, non-uniform horizontal surface. When an external force is applied to...
Kinetic Friction01:26

Kinetic Friction

Consider a truck trying to pull a stationary car. As the truck exerts a force on the car, static friction is created at the point of contact between the two surfaces. This frictional force resists the car's movement and keeps it at rest. However, when the applied force by the truck surpasses the limiting static frictional force, an interesting phenomenon occurs. The frictional force at the interface reduces to a lower value, known as the kinetic frictional force. At this point, the car begins...
Frictional Forces on Flat Belts01:28

Frictional Forces on Flat Belts

Flat belts are commonly used in various industrial applications for transmitting power from one pulley to another. When a flat belt is wrapped around a set of pulleys, it experiences different tensions at the driving pulley ends due to the friction between the belt and pulley surface. When the pulley moves in a counterclockwise direction, the tension T2 on the opposite side of the pulley where the belt is moving away from is higher than the tension T1 on the side where the belt is moving...
Rolling Resistance01:21

Rolling Resistance

When a solid cylinder rolls steadily on a rigid surface, the normal force applied by the surface on the cylinder is perpendicular to the tangent at the contact point. However, since no materials are entirely rigid, the surface's reaction to the cylinder involves a range of normal pressures.
For instance, imagine a hard cylinder rolling on a comparatively soft surface. The cylinder's weight compresses the surface beneath it. As the cylinder moves, the material in front of it slows down due to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Label-free Isolation and Enrichment of Cells Through Contactless Dielectrophoresis
10:38

Label-free Isolation and Enrichment of Cells Through Contactless Dielectrophoresis

Published on: September 3, 2013

Dislocation-driven surface dynamics on solids.

S Kodambaka1, S V Khare, W Swiech

  • 1Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory and the Department of Materials Science, University of Illinois, 104 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA. kodambak@uiuc.edu

Nature
|May 7, 2004
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Surface dislocations drive spiral step growth on titanium nitride (TiN) surfaces via point-defect migration. This phenomenon, observed without external stress, reveals new insights into dislocation-mediated surface roughening and nanostructural stability.

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Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

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Measuring the Interaction Force Between a Droplet and a Super-hydrophobic Substrate by the Optical Lever Method
07:18

Measuring the Interaction Force Between a Droplet and a Super-hydrophobic Substrate by the Optical Lever Method

Published on: June 14, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Surface Science
  • Solid-State Physics

Background:

  • Dislocations are line defects in crystalline solids influencing material properties.
  • Surface-terminated dislocations impact nanostructural stability, mechanical, and chemical processes.
  • Limited understanding exists regarding dislocation effects on surface dynamics and evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the near-equilibrium dynamics of surface-terminated dislocations.
  • To understand the role of dislocations in surface morphological evolution.
  • To explore mechanisms controlling nanostructural stability at surfaces.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized low-energy electron microscopy (LEEM) for real-time observation.
  • Studied dislocations terminating on the (111) surface of titanium nitride (TiN).
  • Observed phenomena in the absence of applied external stress or net mass change.

Main Results:

  • Observed thermally driven nucleation and growth of spiral steps around dislocation cores.
  • Demonstrated shape-preserving growth of spiral steps at constant, temperature-dependent angular velocities.
  • Attributed spiral step formation to point-defect migration along dislocation lines from bulk to surface.

Conclusions:

  • Surface-terminated dislocations can induce significant surface dynamics and morphological evolution.
  • Dislocation-mediated surface roughening occurs even without deposition or evaporation.
  • Findings provide fundamental insights into mechanisms governing nanostructural stability.