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Updated: Aug 24, 2026

Extraction of Saliva, Haemolymph, Salivary Glands, and Midgut from Individual Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae)
Published on: October 31, 2025
Haemoproteus spp. and Leukocytozoon spp. in a captive raptor population
Melanie Ziman1, Angela Colagross-Schouten, Stephen Griffey
1University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA. meziman@ucdavis.edu
Abstract:
Raptors are commonly infected with two blood parasites of the family Haemoproteidae, Haemoproteus spp. and Leukocytozoon spp. To determine if age or length of time in captivity influence prevalence of Haemoproteus spp. and Leukocytozoon spp. infection in captive raptors, blood samples were collected from 55 birds from April 1999 to May 2000. Blood smears were examined for parasitemia and influence of age and length of time in captivity at the time of sample collection were compared. We found juvenile and adult birds were more likely to be infected with Leukocytozoon spp. than were nestlings (P = 0.006) and birds present for > 365 days were more likely to be infected with Haemoproteus spp. and/or Leukocytozoon spp. than were birds captive for < 365 days.
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