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Related Concept Videos

Antibody Structure01:10

Antibody Structure

Overview
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
The Y-Shaped Structure of Antibodies Consists of Four Polypeptide Chains
Antibodies consist of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy...
Conjugated Proteins02:50

Conjugated Proteins

Simple proteins and protein complexes contain only amino acids. In contrast, many other proteins, called conjugated proteins, covalently bond with non-protein moieties.
Nucleoproteins are protein complexes that contain nucleic acids, categorized as deoxyribonucleoproteins (DNPs) or ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) respectively. The nucleosome is a typical example of a DNP where nuclear DNA is associated with histone proteins. The major antigen for the Covid-19 virus SARS-CoV is an RNP that is critical...
Rab Proteins01:14

Rab Proteins

Rab proteins constitute the largest family of monomeric GTPases, of which 70 members are present in humans. Rab proteins and their effectors regulate consecutive stages of vesicle transport such as vesicle transport, docking, and fusion to the correct recipient membrane.
Rab proteins switch between a cytosolic, GDP-bound inactive state and a membrane-anchored, GTP-bound active state. By themselves, Rabs show slow rates of GDP/GTP exchange and GTP hydrolysis. Thus, Rab proteins are considered...
Antibody Actions01:26

Antibody Actions

Antibodies, or immunoglobulins, are critical players in the immune system's arsenal against invading pathogens. Produced by B cells and plasma cells, their primary role is to detect and bind to specific antigens, molecules found on the surface of pathogens like bacteria or viruses. Beyond antigen recognition, antibodies perform several vital functions that contribute to immune defense.
Neutralization
Antibodies can bind to pathogens, preventing them from infecting host cells. This process...

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Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Mechanical Separation and Protein Solubilization of the Outer and Inner Perivitelline Sublayers from Hen's Eggs
06:12

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Published on: January 27, 2021

Hyperactive antifreeze protein in a fish.

Christopher B Marshall1, Garth L Fletcher, Peter L Davies

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada.

Nature
|May 14, 2004
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Polar fish possess antifreeze proteins to survive freezing temperatures. A newly discovered, highly active antifreeze protein in winter flounder explains their remarkable resistance to icy polar waters.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Marine Biology
  • Zoology

Background:

  • Polar fish utilize antifreeze plasma proteins to prevent freezing.
  • Existing antifreeze proteins in winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus) show limited activity in icy waters.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and characterize antifreeze proteins in winter flounder.
  • To explain the freezing resistance mechanism of winter flounder in polar environments.

Main Methods:

  • Isolation and characterization of antifreeze proteins from winter flounder plasma.
  • Assay of antifreeze protein activity.

Main Results:

  • A novel, highly active antifreeze protein was discovered in winter flounder.
  • This protein's activity is comparable to insect antifreeze proteins.
  • The newly identified protein effectively prevents freezing in icy seawater.

Conclusions:

  • The discovered antifreeze protein confers significant freezing resistance to winter flounder.
  • This finding elucidates the survival strategy of winter flounder in polar and subpolar marine ecosystems.