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Related Concept Videos

The Sulfur Cycle01:22

The Sulfur Cycle

Sulfur, an important element in the chemical makeup of proteins, is recycled through the atmosphere and aquatic and terrestrial environments. Found in the atmosphere as sulfur dioxide (SO2), sulfur is released by decaying organisms, weathered rocks, geothermal vents, volcanos, and burning fossil fuels. It is deposited into the ecosystem, cycled through the biotic community, and either released back into the atmosphere as gas or deposited in marine sediment for long-term storage and eventual...
Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
Oxygen Transport in the Blood01:27

Oxygen Transport in the Blood

Hemoglobin (Hb) is a crucial molecule in the human body, consisting of four polypeptide chains, each bound to an iron-containing heme group. This unique structure enables hemoglobin to bind to oxygen, with each molecule capable of combining with four molecules of oxygen, leading to rapid and reversible oxygen loading. When fully loaded with oxygen, it is called oxyhemoglobin, while hemoglobin that has released oxygen is called reduced hemoglobin or deoxyhemoglobin. As hemoglobin binds oxygen,...
Chemical Factors Affecting Respiration Centers01:31

Chemical Factors Affecting Respiration Centers

Chemical factors such as changing CO2, O2, and H+ levels in arterial blood play a critical role in influencing respiration depth and rates. These variations are detected by chemoreceptors—specialized sensors located in two primary body areas. Central chemoreceptors are found throughout the brain stem, including the ventrolateral medulla, while peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the aortic arch and carotid arteries.
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Other Factors Affecting Respiration Centers01:17

Other Factors Affecting Respiration Centers

Breathing is primarily an involuntary activity regulated by the brainstem respiratory centers. However, it can also be consciously controlled, allowing us to hold our breath or take deeper breaths when needed. This voluntary control is facilitated by the cerebral motor cortex, which bypasses the medullary centers to stimulate the respiratory muscles directly.
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Microbes and Climate Change01:27

Microbes and Climate Change

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Generation of a Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Model in Mice by Repeated Ozone Exposure
08:17

Generation of a Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Model in Mice by Repeated Ozone Exposure

Published on: August 25, 2017

Increasing ozone over the Atlantic Ocean.

J Lelieveld1, J van Aardenne, H Fischer

  • 1Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55218 Mainz, Germany. lelieveld@mpch-mainz.mpg.de

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|May 15, 2004
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ship-borne ozone measurements reveal small trends in the Northern Hemisphere but significant increases, up to double, in low latitudes and the Southern Hemisphere. This ozone increase is linked to rising nitrogen oxide emissions from African energy use.

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In Vivo Assessment of Alveolar Macrophage Efferocytosis Following Ozone Exposure
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Generation of a Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Model in Mice by Repeated Ozone Exposure
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In Vivo Assessment of Alveolar Macrophage Efferocytosis Following Ozone Exposure
08:54

In Vivo Assessment of Alveolar Macrophage Efferocytosis Following Ozone Exposure

Published on: October 22, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric Chemistry
  • Climate Science
  • Environmental Monitoring

Background:

  • Ozone (O3) is a crucial component of the atmosphere, influencing air quality and climate.
  • Understanding long-term ozone trends is vital for assessing environmental changes.
  • Previous studies indicated regional variations in ozone levels, but comprehensive long-term data from oceanic regions were limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze ship-borne ozone measurements over the Atlantic Ocean from 1977 to 2002.
  • To identify and quantify ozone (O3) trends across different latitudinal bands.
  • To investigate the potential drivers behind observed ozone trends, particularly in under-sampled regions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized ship-borne observational data collected over the Atlantic Ocean.
  • Analyzed ozone (O3) concentrations spanning a 26-year period (1977-2002).
  • Correlated ozone trends with potential emission sources, including anthropogenic nitrogen oxides (NOx).

Main Results:

  • Observed minimal ozone (O3) trends in the northern mid-latitudes.
  • Documented substantial increases in near-surface ozone (O3), up to a factor of two, at low latitudes and in the Southern Hemisphere.
  • Identified a strong correlation between increased anthropogenic nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions from African energy use and rising ozone levels in these regions.

Conclusions:

  • Anthropogenic nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions, particularly from energy use in Africa, are a significant driver of increasing ozone (O3) in low latitudes and the Southern Hemisphere.
  • Ozone trends exhibit strong regional disparities, highlighting the impact of localized emission sources on global atmospheric composition.
  • Continued monitoring of ozone and its precursors is essential for understanding and mitigating atmospheric pollution.