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Related Concept Videos

Confirmation Biases01:31

Confirmation Biases

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The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?
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Social Proof00:52

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Social proof is a form of persuasion based on comparison and conformity. People compare their behavior and actions to what others are doing and will change to conform to do what their peers do.
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The Evidence for Evolution02:55

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Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.
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Decision Making: P-value Method01:09

Decision Making: P-value Method

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The process of hypothesis testing based on the P-value method includes calculating the P- value using the sample data and interpreting it.
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Decision Making: Traditional Method01:14

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The process of hypothesis testing based on the traditional method includes calculating the critical value, testing the value of the test statistic using the sample data, and interpreting these values.
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The legal guidelines for nursing documentation are essential for ensuring accurate, professional, and ethical recording of patient care. The guidelines are discussed here:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

Operant Protocols for Assessing the Cost-benefit Analysis During Reinforced Decision Making by Rodents
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Operant Protocols for Assessing the Cost-benefit Analysis During Reinforced Decision Making by Rodents

Published on: September 10, 2018

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Communicating evidence for participatory decision making.

Ronald M Epstein1, Brian S Alper, Timothy E Quill

  • 1Rochester Center to Improve Communication in Health Care, Department of Family Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14620, USA. ronald_epstein@urmc.rochester.edu

JAMA
|May 20, 2004
PubMed
Summary

Effective communication of clinical evidence is crucial for informed patient decision-making. This review highlights methods to improve patient understanding and involvement, despite limited evidence, emphasizing shared decision-making and clear communication strategies.

Keywords:
Empirical ApproachProfessional Patient Relationship

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Communication
  • Health Literacy
  • Patient Engagement

Background:

  • Informed patients actively participate in care, leading to better decisions and treatment adherence.
  • Currently, evidence-based guidelines for discussing clinical evidence with patients are lacking.
  • Effective patient-clinician communication is vital for shared medical decision-making.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify effective methods for communicating clinical evidence to patients.
  • To enhance patient understanding, involvement in medical decisions, and health outcomes.
  • To address the need for evidence-based guidelines in patient-clinician communication.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of MEDLINE (1966-2003) and reference lists.
  • Searched for original research on clinician-patient communication and presenting clinical evidence.
  • Screened 367 abstracts and reviewed 51 full-text articles, identifying 8 relevant studies.

Main Results:

  • Communication methods include general terms, numerical data, graphs, and decision aids.
  • Presenting options before decision-making roles and using absolute risk are preferred.
  • Information order, time-frame, and patient demographics (age, education) influence understanding.

Conclusions:

  • A significant lack of evidence exists for guiding physicians in sharing clinical evidence.
  • Recommendations focus on understanding patient context, building partnerships, and discussing uncertainties.
  • Key communication tasks include providing balanced evidence, informed recommendations, and checking understanding.