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Updated: Aug 24, 2026

Qualitative and Comparative Cortical Activity Data Analyses from a Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Experiment Applying Block Design
Published on: December 3, 2020
Non-manipulation quantitative designs
1Kent State University, Department of Educational Foundations & Special Services, Center for Disability Studies, 413 White Hall, P.O. Box 5190, Kent, OH 44242-0001, USA. prumrill@kent.edu
Abstract:
The article describes non-manipulation quantitative designs of two types, correlational and causal comparative studies. Both of these designs are characterized by the absence of random assignment of research participants to conditions or groups and non-manipulation of the independent variable. Without random selection or manipulation of the independent variable, no attempt is made to draw causal inferences regarding relationships between independent and dependent variables. Nonetheless, non-manipulation studies play an important role in rehabilitation research, as described in this article. Examples from the contemporary rehabilitation literature are included.
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