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Published on: March 6, 2019
[Medically unexplained dyspnea in children: a review of 34 cases]
Jiang-na Han1, Yuan-jue Zhu, Shun-wei Li
1Laboratory of Respiratory Psychophysiology, Department of Pneumology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China.
Insights
Medically unexplained dyspnea in children is often overlooked but treatable. Breathing therapy significantly improved symptoms and reduced anxiety in pediatric patients, highlighting the need for early diagnosis and intervention.
Area of Science:
- Pediatric pulmonology
- Psychosomatic medicine
- Clinical psychology
Background:
- Medically unexplained dyspnea (MUD) is common in adults but rarely recognized in children.
- This study focuses on 34 pediatric patients diagnosed with MUD.
Purpose of the Study:
- To report on the characteristics of MUD in children.
- To evaluate the effectiveness of breathing therapy for pediatric MUD.
Main Methods:
- Clinical diagnosis of MUD based on exclusion of organic disease.
- Utilized Nijmegen questionnaire, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and hyperventilation provocation tests.
- Administered 20 sessions of breathing therapy, with follow-up for 13 patients.
Main Results:
- MUD symptoms in children often began between 13-16 years, with a chronic course.
- Hyperventilation symptoms were common; anxiety levels were lower than in adults.
- Psychological factors included academic and parental pressure.
- Breathing therapy led to significant improvement in dyspnea and hyperventilation symptoms, with minimal anxiety modification.
Conclusions:
- MUD in children requires careful diagnosis and treatment due to its chronic nature.
- Breathing therapy is an effective intervention for pediatric MUD.
Objective:
Medically unexplained dyspnea is common in adult and accounts for 14% patients complaining of dyspnea. Its occurrence in children is seldom recognized. In the present paper, 34 children with medically unexplained dyspnea (age 10 to 18 years) seen in Peking Union Medical College Hospital from 1996 to 2002 are reported.
Methods:
The diagnosis of medically unexplained dyspnea was clinical: it was based on the presence of dyspnea and other complaints which cannot be explained by an organic disease. The patients answered Nijmegen questionnaire and state and trait anxiety (STAI), and performed hyperventilation provocation test. Twenty sessions of breathing therapy were applied and 13 out of 34 children were followed up after the therapy.
Results:
Among the children, 75% started to have symptoms at the age of 13 to 16 years, though the age of first episode could be as early as 8 years. In most of the cases, the course was chronic clinically. In addition to marked dyspnea, their clinical profile included symptoms of hyperventilation i.e. blurred vision, dizziness, tingling, stiff fingers or arm. The symptoms of anxiety were less frequent in children and accordingly the level of anxiety evaluated by means of STAI was lower in children compared to adult patients. The precipitating psychological factors appeared to be related to middle school competition. Pressure from exams, reprimand from stern and unsympathetic teachers coupled with high parental expectation could be emotionally damaging to psychologically susceptible children. Thirteen patients were followed up after 2-3 months of breathing therapy with emphasis on abdominal breathing and slowing down of expiration. After therapy, the sum score of the Nijmegen Questionnaire was markedly decreased. Dyspnea and symptoms of hyperventilation were improved. The level of anxiety was minimally modified.
Conclusion:
The cases illustrated the need for careful diagnostic evaluation and treatment because of the high rate of chronicity of the disorder.
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