Molecular basis of non-virulence of Trypanosoma cruzi clone CL-14

We investigated the properties of metacyclic trypomastigotes of non-virulent Trypanosoma cruzi clone CL-14, as compared to the parental isolate CL. In contrast to the CL isolate, which produces high parasitemias in mice, metacyclic forms of clone CL-14 failed to produce patent infection. In vitro, the number of clone CL-14 parasites that entered epithelial HeLa cells, after 1 h incubation, was approximately four-fold lower than that of the CL isolate and at 72 h post-infection intracellular replication was not apparent whereas cells infected with the CL isolate contained large number of parasites replicating as amastigotes. CL isolate metacyclic forms were long and slender, with the kinetoplast localised closer to the nucleus than to the posterior end, whereas clone CL-14 parasites were shorter, with the kinetoplast very close to the posterior end. Cysteine proteinase cruzipain and trans-sialidase activities were lower in CL isolate than in clone CL-14. The surface profile was similar, except that the expression of gp82, the stage-specific glycoprotein that promotes CL isolate mucosal infection in vivo and host cell invasion in vitro, was greatly reduced on the surface of clone CL-14 metacyclic forms. Genistein, a specific inhibitor of protein tyrosine kinase, which is activated in CL isolate by binding of gp82 to its host cell receptor, did not affect host cell entry of clone CL-14. In contrast with CL isolate, the infectivity of clone CL-14 was not affected by phospholipase C inhibitor U73122 but was diminished by a combination of ionomycin plus NH(4)Cl, which releases Ca(2+) from acidic vacuoles. Internalisation of clone CL-14, but not of CL isolate, was significantly increased by treating parasites with neuraminidase, which removes sialic acid from the mucin-like surface molecule gp35/50. Taken together, our data suggest an association between the non-virulence of clone CL-14 metacyclic forms and the reduced expression of gp82, which precludes the activation of signal transduction pathways leading to effective host cell invasion.